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Title: F214 Nerves
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Nerves. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Nerves. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.
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Tanisha Patel
Nerves
(a) outline the roles of sensory receptors in mammals in converting different forms of energy into
nerve impulses;
● Cone and rod cells in the eye detects photons and light intensity
● Mechanoreceptors in the ears detects vibrations
● Nocireceptors on organs detect pain
● Thermoreceptors on skin detect temperature
● Baroreceptors on the skin detect pressure
● Chemoreceptors in nose and mouth detect chemicals
(b) describe, with the aid of diagrams, the structure and functions of sensory and motor neurones;
The motor neuron has:
● cell body at one end
● dendrites at other end that carry impulses
to cell body
● long axon which carries impulse from cell
body to effector
The sensory neuron has:
● long processes on either side of cell body
● dendron carrying nerve impulses from
receptor to cell body
● axon carrying impulse from cell body to
CNS
(c) describe and explain how the resting potential is established and maintained;
1
Tanisha Patel
(d) describe and explain how an action potential is generated;
(e) describe and explain how an action potential is transmitted in a myelinated neurone, with
reference to the roles of voltagegated sodium ion and potassium ion channels;
● Insulating layer of lipids around the axon
● Myelin is made in Schwann cell
● It speeds up the rate of conduction
● Ion transfer cannot occur through myelin
● Between Schwann cells are gaps the nodes of Ranvier
● Nodes contain voltagegated Na+ and K+ ion channels so ion transfer can occur at the
nodes
● Depolarisation, action potential, repolarisation, hyperpolarisation can all just occur at the
nodes
● Action potential ‘jumps’ from one node to the next, increasing the speed of conduction
● Creates a smaller local current
● This is Saltatory conduction
...
If threshold potential is not reached, resting potential will be maintained and no
response will occur
...
● Action potential arrives at the presynaptic knob
● Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open
● Ca2+ diffuse into presynaptic knob
● Induces vesicles of Ach to fuse with synaptic membrane
● Ach is released by exocytosis
● Diffuses across the cleft and binds to neuroreceptors on postsynaptic membrane
● Voltage gated Na+ channels open, Na+ diffuse into postsynaptic neuron
● Depolarises the neuron
...
1) Connects two neurons together to pass a signal
...
3) Filters out lowlevel stimuli enough Ach must be released to open enough Na+ channels
Title: F214 Nerves
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Nerves. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Nerves. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.