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Title: F215 Animal Responses
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Animal Responses. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested. There is a small section missing on the elbow joint, so a separate note will be uploaded.
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Animal Responses. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested. There is a small section missing on the elbow joint, so a separate note will be uploaded.
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Tanisha Patel
Animal Responses
(a) discuss why animals need to respond to their environment;
Animals respond to environment to survive, using nerves and hormones to control responses
...
Conscious decision to move initiated in cerebellum
...
Neurons from cerebellum carry impulses to motor areas
3
...
This can be seen in the movement of the elbow joint
1) Impulses arrive at presynaptic knob
2) Vesicles fuse with presynaptic membrane and release Ach by exocytosis
3) Ach binds to Ach receptors on sarcolemma
4) Depolarisation travels down Ttubules
5) Ca2+ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum
6) Ca2+ binds to protein in muscle causing muscle contraction
7) Ach broken down by Acetylcholinesterase, so contraction doesn’t last long
Tanisha Patel
(g) explain, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the sliding filament model of muscular
contraction;
● Muscle fibres made of muscle cells
● Each fibre is divided into myofibrils
● Each myofibril is made from chains of sarcomeres
● Between each sarcomere (in the sarcoplasm) there are masses of mitochondria,
glycogen granule and sarcoplasmic reticulum
Z line start and end of each
sarcomere
A band length of thick filaments,
some overlap with thin filaments
I band thin filaments that are not
overlapping with the thick
H band not overlapping with thin,
only thick myofibrils in the middle
Thick Filament
bundles of Myosin
Myosin molecule has tail and 2 heads
Thin Filament
F
...
Actin
Tropomyosin bends around the F
...
Ca2+ is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum, binds to and changes shape of troponin
complex exposing myosin binding site on thin filament
2
...
When myosin head binds, ADP and Pi are released
4
...
New ATP molecule binds to myosin head, breaking cross bridge
6
...
Myosin head returns back to its original position and can bind again with the next
binding site
(h) outline the role of ATP in muscular contraction, and how the supply of ATP is maintained in
muscles;
Role
● ATP required to break cross bridge connection and reset myosin head forwards
Maintenance
● Aerobic respiration in mitochondria
● Anaerobic respiration in sarcoplasm
● Transfer of phosphate group from Creatine Phosphate to ADP in sarcoplasm
(i) compare and contrast the action of synapses and neuromuscular junctions;
Synapse
NM Junction
Postsynaptic membrane is cell surface membrane of
a neuron
Postsynaptic membrane is the cell surface membrane
of a muscle
Tanisha Patel
Neurotransmitters ACh, noradrenaline, glutamate
or another transmitter
Neurotransmitter is ACh
Depolarisation of postsynaptic membrane
stimulatory or inhibitory
Depolarisation of postsynaptic membrane is
stimulatory
Neurotransmitter secreted by exocytosis, diffused across cleft, bound to receptors in
postsynaptic membrane and broken down
(j) outline the structural and functional differences between voluntary, involuntary and cardiac
muscle;
Smooth Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Involuntary
Voluntary
Involuntary
Controlled by ANS
Controlled by SNS
Myogenic, affected by ANS
Found in gut, uterus, bladder,
blood vessels
Found attached to the bones
Found on the heart
Contracts slowly, maintained for
long periods
Contracts rapidly, tires quickly
Maintained without fatigue
Unstriated
Striated
Semistriated
Shorter, spindle shaped cells
Cylindrical cells are multinucleate
Cylindrical cells, single nuclei, branch
and connect with other cells
(k) state that
responses to environmental stimuli in mammals are coordinated by nervous
and endocrine systems;
(l) explain how, in mammals, the ‘fight or flight’ response to environmental stimuli is
coordinated by the nervous and endocrine systems
Title: F215 Animal Responses
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Animal Responses. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested. There is a small section missing on the elbow joint, so a separate note will be uploaded.
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Animal Responses. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested. There is a small section missing on the elbow joint, so a separate note will be uploaded.