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Title: F215 Cloning in Plants and Animals
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Cloning in Plants and Animals. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Cloning in Plants and Animals. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.
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Tanisha Patel
Cloning in Plants and Animals
(a) outline the differences between reproductive and nonreproductive cloning;
Reproductive cloning
the production of a new individual that has identical genotypes to the
original
Nonreproductive cloning
supplies replacement cells and these cells have the same genotype
as the existing organisms (Therapeutic cloning)
(b) describe the production of natural clones in plants using the example of vegetative
propagation in elm trees;
Vegetative propagation
Plants clone themselves naturally
Production of structures in an organism that can grow into new individuals
Root suckers in sprouts, runners in strawberries, tubers in potatoes
English Elm trees
Are all genetically identical
Healthy elm trees have root suckers
Elm trees show signs of disease such as Dutch Elm disease
Main tree stem dies but roots remain alive and produce more rootsuckers
Suckers grow in a circle of new elms called a clonal patch
Dutch elm disease can return when new trunks grow as they are clones of the old
And natural selection cannot occur
(c) describe the production of artificial clones of plants from tissue culture;
Tissue culture Micropropagation
A
...
Callus culture involves using an explant (small piece of tissue)
1) Explant extracted and dipped in alcohol dilution to sterilise, aseptic techniques
2) Explant placed and grown on nutrient growth medium (agar)
3) Cells divide to form a mass of undifferentiated tissue called Callus
4) Cells removed from callus, placed in growing medium (N,P,K, glucose, auxins,
cytokinins)
5) Produce genetically identical plantlets
6) Transfer plantlets to soil and optimum growth conditions (greenhouse)
Tanisha Patel
(d) discuss the advantages and disadvantages of plant cloning in agriculture (HSW6a, 6b, 7c);
Advantages
Disadvantages
Quick mass production
No variation, reduces gene pool
Reduce risk of extinction
More susceptible to disease
Larger yields at one time
Expensive to micropropagte
Seeds easy to transport
Labour intensive (aseptic)
High quality products
Artificial
Desirable traits increased
Clones can’t reproduce asexually
Transfer plantlets easily
Sterile conditions needed
Vegetative propagation is cheap
Facilities, growth chambers/mediums
VP is lower skilled
Clone transgenic plants
(e) describe how artificial clones of animals can be produced;
1) Splitting embryos
Cells developing embryos separated out and each go to develop into new multiple
genetically identical individuals
Tetra the Rhesus monkey first primate to be cloned
Use for studies in disease like diabetes/Parkinson's
...
Advantages
Disadvantages
Increase population of endangered species
Seen as unethical
Increased desirable traits
Reduces gene pool/variation
Higher number of births at one time
Labour intensive
High quality (e
...
milk, eggs, meats)
commercial value
Need large space
Only surrogate animals required (no mating) More susceptible to disease
Testing on animals
Extinct animals
Low success rate
Animals do not reproduce asexually
normally
Title: F215 Cloning in Plants and Animals
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Cloning in Plants and Animals. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Cloning in Plants and Animals. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.