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Title: F215 Genomes and Gene Technologies
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Genomes and Gene Tech. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Genomes and Gene Tech. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.
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Tanisha Patel
Genomes and Gene Technologies
a) outline the steps involved in sequencing the genome of an organism;
Genome the total complement of an organism's genes
Genomes are mapped to identify which part of the genome that they come from
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Plasmid mapped using microsatellites to identify genes
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Samples of genome sheared into small sections (100,000 bp) using restriction enzymes
(shotgun sequencing)
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coli
cells
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DNA is extracted from cells and restriction enzymes used to cut to smaller fragments
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Automatically sequenced using a computer programme
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g
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The required gene is obtained
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The vector carries the gene to the recipient cell
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g
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f) outline how DNA fragments can be separated by size using electrophoresis;
● Separation method for small charged molecules (fragments of DNA/RNA)
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Tanisha Patel
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base pairing (annealing) to a fragment
DNA fingerprinting
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Cut with restriction enzymes
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Denature DNA and transfer to nitrocellulose membrane (Southern Blotting)
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to DNA fragments
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The number of DNA strand doubles
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Gene and plasmid both cut with same restriction enzyme = comp
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Gene incubated with plasmids
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Some plasmids will take up gene, which will anneal by complementary base pairing
between sticky ends
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DNA ligase is used to seal nicks in sugarphosphate backbone, to form recombinant
DNA
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Some plasmids will not take up copy of gene, and will reseal in presence of DNA
ligase
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pores through which DNA can pass
5) Ti Plasmid
See Golden Rice Process
l) describe the advantage to microorganisms of the capacity to take up plasmid DNA from the
environment;
Plasmids may contain:
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Tanisha Patel
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Genes which help bacteria to invade hosts
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Genetic variation
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● Marker genes used to identify transformed bacteria
● Genetic markers code for antibiotic resistance, or fluorescence
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● Can be used to treat some recessive conditions, but not dominant conditions
● Used in CF patients
● CFTR gene missing 1 amino acid
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Normal allele incorporated into loop of DNA, attached to liposomes
2
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Use reverse transcriptase to create cDNA
2) Make these fluorescence when cDNA is present (gene probe)
3) Attach these to a microarray gene chip
4) Extract mRNA, make cDNA for cancer cells
5) Make them fluoresce a different colour
6) Incubate them with the chip
7) mRNA that attached complementarity will fluoresce
Brighter the colour = higher expression
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Title: F215 Genomes and Gene Technologies
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Genomes and Gene Tech. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Genomes and Gene Tech. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.