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Title: F215 Genomes and Gene Technologies
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Genomes and Gene Tech. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.

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Tanisha Patel 

Genomes and Gene Technologies 
 
a) outline the steps involved in sequencing the genome of an organism; 
Genome ­ the total complement of an organism's genes 
 
Genomes are mapped to identify which part of the genome that they come from
...
Plasmid mapped using microsatellites to identify genes 
2
...
Samples of genome sheared into small sections (100,000 bp) using restriction enzymes 
(shotgun sequencing) 
4
...
 coli 
cells 
5
...
DNA is extracted from cells and restriction enzymes used to cut to smaller fragments
...
Automatically sequenced using a computer programme 
8
...
g
...
The required gene is obtained  
2
...
The vector carries the gene to the recipient cell  
4
...
g
...
  
 
 
f) outline how DNA fragments can be separated by size using electrophoresis;  
 
● Separation method for small charged molecules (fragments of DNA/RNA) 


 
 
 
Tanisha Patel 

 
1
...

3
...

5
...

7
...
 base pairing (annealing) to a fragment 
 
DNA fingerprinting 
1
...
Cut with restriction enzymes 
3
...
Denature DNA and transfer to nitrocellulose membrane (Southern Blotting) 
5
...
 to DNA fragments 
6
...
 The number of DNA strand doubles
...
Gene and plasmid both cut with same restriction enzyme = comp
...
Gene incubated with plasmids
...
Some plasmids will take up gene, which will anneal by complementary base pairing 
between sticky ends
...
DNA ligase is used to seal nicks in sugar­phosphate backbone, to form recombinant 
DNA
...
Some plasmids will not take up copy of gene, and will re­seal in presence of DNA 
ligase
...
 pores through which DNA can pass 
 
5) Ti Plasmid  
­ See Golden Rice Process 
 
 
l) describe the advantage to microorganisms of the capacity to take up plasmid DNA from the 
environment;  
 
Plasmids may contain:  


 
 
 
Tanisha Patel 

1
...
Genes which help bacteria to invade hosts 
 
3
...
Genetic variation
...
 
● Marker genes used to identify transformed bacteria  
● Genetic markers code for antibiotic resistance, or fluorescence
...
  
● Can be used to treat some recessive conditions, but not dominant conditions 
 
● Used in CF patients 
● CFTR gene missing 1 amino acid
...
Normal allele incorporated into loop of DNA, attached to liposomes 
2
...
 Use reverse transcriptase to create cDNA 
2) Make these fluorescence when cDNA is present (gene probe) 
3) Attach these to a microarray gene chip 
 
4) Extract mRNA, make cDNA for cancer cells 
5) Make them fluoresce a different colour 
6) Incubate them with the chip  
7) mRNA that attached complementarity will fluoresce 
Brighter the colour = higher expression 

10 


Title: F215 Genomes and Gene Technologies
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Genomes and Gene Tech. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.