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Title: F215 Meiosis and Variation
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Meiosis. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Meiosis. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.
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Tanisha Patel
Meiosis and Variation
a) describe, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the behaviour of chromosomes during
meiosis, and the associated behaviour of the nuclear envelope, cell membrane and centrioles
...
e
...
eye colour, hair colour
Locus the site of a particular gene on a chromosome
Phenotype the physical appearance of an individual
Genotype the genetic makeup on an individual
Dominant the allele that is expresses
...
Crossing over nonsister chromatids swap alleles during Prophase 1 of meiosis
...
g
...
(Production of genetic diagrams is not
required);
Epistasis
● Interaction of different gene loci1 gene locus masks expression of other gene locus
...
E
...
In mice, 2 genes control colour
...
(The formula for the chisquared test will be provided);
For large sample, discontinuous variation, numbers rather than %
E
25
25
O
27
23
Difference
2
2
Squared
4
4
X/E
0
...
16
= 0
...
05 (5%) and degree of freedom n1 (21=1)
P
DF
0
...
10
0
...
46
2
...
84
2
1
...
61
5
...
05, so there is no significant
difference between the observed and expected results, so the null hypothesis cannot be
rejected
...
g
...
g
...
2)
● Controlled by few genes 2 alleles
● No intermediates
● Bar charts
● No environmental influence
Continuous variation
● Quantitative
● No distinct categories/can’t divide into discrete
● Influenced by environment and many genes (polygenic)
● Bellcurve graph/normal distribution curve
● Phenotypic range between limits
(k) explain that both genotype and environment contribute to phenotypic variation
...
E
...
the height of a sunflower may be 1m, but does not reach this height due to a lack of
water, sunlight or minerals
...
When the environment
changes, the organisms can adapt better, meaning they can survive to reproduce the next
generation
...
is large
To determine allele frequency p + q = 1
...
0
E
...
In a population of wheat, “A” provides no resistance to grey mould and “a” provides
resistance
...
Using the HardyWeinberg equation, work out
the frequencies of: the homozygous recessive genotype, the homozygous dominant
genotype, the allele frequency of a, and the frequency of the no resistance phenotype
...
83 q = 0
...
6889 q2 = 0
...
2822
Homozygous recessive genotype = 0
...
6889 = 69%
Allele frequency of “a” = 0
...
9711
6
Tanisha Patel
n) explain, with examples, how environmental factors can act as stabilising or evolutionary
forces of natural selection;
Darwin's Natural Selection
1) Overproduction of offspring
2) Constancy of numbers
3) Struggle for existence
4) Variation among offspring
5) Survival of fittest
6) Like produces like
7) Formation of new species
Main types of Natural Selection
1) Directional favours one extreme in a range of phenotypes
2) Stabilising favours the mean in a range on phenotypes
3) Disruptive favours extremes in a range of phenotypes
Disruptive likely to lead to speciation
o) explain how genetic drift can cause large changes in small populations;
● HardyWeinberg only applies to large population
● Genetic Drift only occurs in small populations
● If an allele only occurs in 1% of population
● In a small population, very few individuals will inherit the allele
● Therefore, the frequency becomes less in succeeding generations
● Eventually, the allele may be lost from the population
7
Tanisha Patel
p) explain the role of isolating mechanisms in the evolution of new species, with reference to
ecological (geographic), seasonal (temporal) and reproductive mechanisms;
Speciation
Originally 1 population, one part becomes isolated
Different mutations occur, different features are selected for
2 groups genetically different
No longer able to interbreed
New species forms
Isolating mechanisms lead to evolution of new species
1) Reproductive (behavioural) can prevent reproduction (e
...
diurnal and nocturnal)
2) Ecological (geographical) parts of popn
...
reproductively active at different times of year
Speciation types
1) Allopatric when geographical isolations leads to speciation
2) Sympatric when species occur in same geographical area but speciation occurs
q) explain the significance of the various concepts of the species, with reference to the
biological species concept and the phylogenetic (cladistic/evolutionary) species concept (HSW1);
8
Tanisha Patel
The biological species concept
● A species is ‘a group of similar organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile
offspring and it reproductively isolated from such other groups’
But
● Not all organisms reproduce sexually
● Members of the same species can look very different to each other
● Males can look different to females
● Isolated populations may appear to be very different from each other
The phylogenetic species concept
● A species is ‘a group of organisms that have similar morphology, physiology,
embryology and behaviour, and occupy the same ecological niche’
...
The
phylogenetic linkage is called a clade
...
● Modern bread wheat is hexaploid (6n)
● 42 chromosomes in nucleus of each cell, cells are bigger
...
g
...
g
Title: F215 Meiosis and Variation
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Meiosis. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Meiosis. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.