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Title: Plate Tectonics
Description: Simple, clear but detailed notes. The topic includes: - the structure of the Earth and evidence for it - continental drift theory and evidence - plate tectonic theory and evidence - associated land forms The notes have simple, annotated diagrams that I created.
Description: Simple, clear but detailed notes. The topic includes: - the structure of the Earth and evidence for it - continental drift theory and evidence - plate tectonic theory and evidence - associated land forms The notes have simple, annotated diagrams that I created.
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Tanisha Patel
The structure of the Earth
1)
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The inner core
Solid, due to pressure
Iron and Nickel
5 times denser than surface rocks
2) The outer core
● Liquid
● Mostly iron, some nickel
● Less dense than inner core
● Creates Earth’s magnetic field as it rotates around the inner core
3) The mantle
● Separated from outer core by Gutenberg Discontinuity
● Viscous and semimolten
● Heat created by radioactive decay of minerals in the core
● Two layers upper mantle is more rigid (Asthenosphere)
● The lower mantle is where there high temperature, which creates convection currents
...
● Geological evidence
Magma rises through volcanoes, from the interior of the Earth, deposits
on Earth’s surface
...
● Geomagnetic evidence
The Earth has a magnetic field
...
● Seismology
Earthquakes travel around and through the Earth
...
Some layers can deflect or stop quakes
...
Continental Drift Theory and Mechanisms
● Theory proposed by Wegener
● Looking at fossils, to explain why organisms who lived in hot climates, are now in cold
climates
...
● It split into two land masses
LAURASIA (North) and GONDWANALAND (South)
● Further continental drift split the land masses into the continents we have today
Tanisha Patel
Evidence for Continental Drift
● Jigsaw continents
maps of the continents show they can fit together
...
g
...
America and W
...
● Geology and radioactive dating
Rocks with identical chemical content and age have been
found on continents separated by oceans
...
This gives off
neutrons
...
● Rock formations
Rock structures match across the Atlantic
...
America, they have been separated by plate divergence)
...
Fossils of
same animal can be found on other continents, must have been joined before
...
E
...
Reversals are mirror
images
...
If you fit the Continental
shelf areas together, the jigsaw fit is even better
...
● Ancient glaciation
the Southern continents have evidence of erosion caused by glaciers
...
Local evidence
● Fossilised corals and tropical fauna found in Wrens Nest suggest it was once a coral reef
● Rocks in Kinver shows fossilised sand dunes from hot deserts
...
Tanisha Patel
Plate Tectonic theory
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1950 Sonar tests in Atlantic identified mountain ranges on ocean floor
The MidAtlantic Ridge
Formed by splitting/faults in ocean floor
Magma leaked from Mantle, solidifying on ocean floor
Builds up into a ridge/mountain range
Other Midocean ridges found
If the crust was being created at ridges it must be lost elsewhere otherwise the Earth would
get bigger
Cause
● Heat rising from core, causes convection
currents in Mantle
● Currents get hot and rise
● Splits crust
● Magma spills out forming ocean ridges
● Currents cool and fall
● Takes end crust material into Mantle
● Crustal plates collide as ends are subducted
● Forms mountain ranges, deep ocean
trenches or volcanic island arcs
Why some plates collide and others tear
● Depends on direction of convection currents
● Currents meeting causes collision
● Currents diverging causes tears
● The density of the crustal plate contributes
● Heavy SIMA sinks below light SIAL
Proof Paleomagnetism
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Mapping the Atlantic Ocean floor found magnetic anomalies and volcanic activity
Some rocks magnetised to the North, some to the South
Because every 200,000 years the magnetic field reverses
Once the magma has set into rocks the polarity is fixed
Creates series of alternating magnetic readings
The polarisation of rocks on either side of the ridge is a mirror image
Rocks must have formed at same time
Move away from the ridge age of the rocks increase
Because new rock forming at ridge pushes existing rock on the plate outwards
Tanisha Patel
Landforms caused by Plate movement
1) Ocean Ridges
● formed at Divergent/Constructive (SIMA and SIMA)
● Magma to seeps out of fault, magma solidifies, builds up, forms mountain ranges on sea floor
Case Study MidAtlantic ridge & Iceland
● North American and Eurasian plate diverge
● Fault lines, rifts, fissures (caused by tension) where magma seeps
● Iceland formed across the ridge as a result of lava building up so high
● Iceland has high volcanic and thermal activity can use as source of renewable energy
● Lava built up into Shield Volcanoes made of Basaltic lava
● Basaltic lava has high temp and low viscosity can travel longer distances before setting
● Basalt cools into hexagonal columns because of chemical structure (Vik, S
...
g
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Coast of America)
Case Study East African Rift Valley
● Created as the Arabian and African plates diverge
● Runs from Israel to Malawi
● Cuts through the African Plateaux, dividing into two branches
Tanisha Patel
● Will eventually become new seas (e
...
the Red Sea)
3) Fold Mountains
● Formed at convergent/destructive plates (SIAL and SIAL Himalayas or SIAL and SIMA
Andes)
● 2 SIAL plates squash the sea beds up until disappears
● Produces high mountain peaks
Case Study
● Indian plate, Eurasian plate converge squash Tethys sea upward ancient oceanic crust and
SIAL intensely folded up form Himalayas Himalayas and Tibet continue to rise
● Appalachian Mountains same mountain chain as Scottish Highlands, Snowdonia and
Scandinavia same rocks types same age same chemical compositions
4) Deep Sea Trenches
● Formed at convergent/destructive plates (SIMA and SIMA Mariana, or SIAL and SIMA Peru)
● Trench is where the two plates melt into Mantle Subduction Zone
● E
...
the Mariana Trench (N
...
g
Title: Plate Tectonics
Description: Simple, clear but detailed notes. The topic includes: - the structure of the Earth and evidence for it - continental drift theory and evidence - plate tectonic theory and evidence - associated land forms The notes have simple, annotated diagrams that I created.
Description: Simple, clear but detailed notes. The topic includes: - the structure of the Earth and evidence for it - continental drift theory and evidence - plate tectonic theory and evidence - associated land forms The notes have simple, annotated diagrams that I created.