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FRANCE
HENRY VII
Spent his youth in Brittany and France
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1487:
Brittany had supported rebels against the French
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Anne determined that Anne, heiress of Brittany should marry Charles VIII of France (young)
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Commercial treaty remains between England and France
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Duchess Anne needs foreign powers to support to stay independent from France
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Expansion of France over the past three decades was a threat to England
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Henry is clear it is a defensive war, not renewal of 100 years war
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Eventual joint war against France agreed
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Treaty of Dordecht: Anglo-Burgundian alliance with Maximillian
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Treaty of Dordecht: Anglo-Burgundian alliance cemented
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defeat Breton and English forces
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Anne gives up, marries Charles VIII and Brittany is absorbed intro France
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Wernham: “Henry’s mode was not the Lancastrian Henry V but the Yorkist Edward IV”, it was an
“armed protest” against the annexation of Brittany
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£150,000 French -> English, plus £5,000 p
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Henry withdrew army, did not give up claim to the
French throne
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France to repay Breton debts to England
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1496:
Henry joins Holy League (organised by papacy) against French aggression in Italy, but not obliged
to take aggressive action
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Succeeded by Louis XII
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1508:
League of Cambrai: European alliance against Venice
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HENRY VIII
Wanted to be like Henry V and revive 100 Years War glory
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Renaissance King, rebirth of the golden age
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g empson
and dudley] of the population … lifts its head and rejoices in such a King
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1509:
Venetian Ambassador “Henry was eager for war with the King of France” “Henry holds France in
small account”
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Spain not ready for war against France with only English aid; Maximilian’s focus still on Venice, not
France
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Conservative councillors remained from Henry VII’s government
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g William Wareham,
Archbishop of Canterbury and Bishop Fox, Bishop of Winchester
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Ferdinand was the main ally: he wanted to capture Navarre
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1512:
Joint campaign in France
HVIII wants Guienne
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Expedition was a farce: Ferdinand abandoned English at Fuentarrabia, hit by disease etc
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Second expedition in Northern France:
Wolsey and Bishop Fox of Winchester organise logistics
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25,000 men
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The Battle of the Spurs: Henry regards this as a second Agincourt, though it isn’t really
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1514:
Pope Julius II succeeded by Medici Leo X, pro Anglo-French peace
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Compared to Henry VII who spent £150,000
p
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Anglo-French treaty: marriage between Louis XII and Mary (Henry’s sister); peace and mutual
defence; Henry to keep Therouanne and Tournai; French pension restored and increased
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g
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1515:
Louis XII dies, Francis I accedes throne
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Francis defeats Swiss at Battle of Marignano
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Gwyn: “the payment symbolised England’s dominant role in the relationship [between France and
England] one that her actual financial and military strength did not merit”
1518:
Treaty of London: England return Tournai -> France
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France to pay £600,000 in £5,000 p
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Henry’s daughter, Mary, betrothed to the dauphin
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Treaty of Universal Peace: guaranteed good relations between France
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1520-1:

Field of Cloth and Gold: Peace conferences with Henry, Charles and Francis
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1522:
Surrey’s Chevauchee: destructive raid by Earl of Surrey -> N
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1523:
Suffolk march -> Paris
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Trouble in parliament
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1525:
Amicable Grant, non parliamentary taxation to fund war
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“who is our captain? forsooth her name is poverty” - rebel spokesperson
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Penry Williams: “for the only time in the century a Tudor monarch had been confronted and
defeated by his subjects”
Stephen Gardiner: “our war is noisome to our realm”
1527:
Plan for Henry VIII’s daughter, Mary, to marry a son of Francis I
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Early 1530s:
Divorce diplomacy took over, so peaceful
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Also, fear of CHV
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Travels to France for lavish meetings
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Francis meets Clement VII at Marseilles, his son, Henry, marries Catherine de Medici
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His ambitions in Italy meant he wouldn’t break with Rome
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French attempt to crush heresy whilst Henry is hostile to Rome
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Henry offers no assistance
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1538:
James V marries Mary of Guise
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Dispute over English Bible printing in France
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Henry failed to ally with Lutheran princes
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1539:
Pact of Toledo: ChV and Francis cut links with England, withdraw ambassadors
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poss European
pressure
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Wernham: Scotland made him defensive, auld alliance, James V direct threat and France were
intervening, “his mind was set upon control of Scotland rather than conquests in France
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”
Henry wants to go to war against France
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Good income from
dissolution of monasteries (1536-40)
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1542:
Execution of Catherine Howard for her affairs, perhaps wanted to display manhood
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Later alliance agreed they would go to war against France
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Boulogne falls to the English
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France could focus on war against England
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150 ships, 80,000 men gathered by French
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French fail, English safely resupply Calais and Boulogne
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1546:
Peace of Ardres: lack of money, disrupted trade
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a France -> England; France acknowledge Henry as
supreme head of the CofE; Scots included if they accept Greenwich
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£1,300,000+ on war
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1547:
Francis I dies, succeeded by his son, Henry II
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Prepared to give up Boulogne to avoid war
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MQS removed to France, preparing for betrothal to Francis, dauphin
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(EDWARD VI) NORTHUMBERLAND
1550:
Treaty of Boulogne: Northumberland realises peace is essential because of finance
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W K Jordon “peace at any possible price” “the most ignominious treaty signed by England in the
century”
1551:
Treaty of Angers: lack of support from CHV, needed French support
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Relations deteriorated soon after
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Paget: “a bone between two dogs”

MARY I
Charles preoccupied with domestic affairs (lutherans)
Edward VI died
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Marries Philip, Charles V’s son
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border threat
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English fleet sack Cherbourg, success in St Quentin under Earl of Pembroke too
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Philip furious
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Wernham: “Tudor England in 1558 was at its lowest ebb of weakness and demoralisation”,
“England’s small stature against the Leviathans of the continent”
ELIZABETH

1559:
Peace of Cateau-Cambresis: Philip II + Henry II want to be on good terms and Calais was main
focus; Calais ceded to France, France would restore to England after 8 years or pay £500,000,
France pacify Scottish border
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1560:
Tumult of Amboise, Huguenots resist
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Duke of Guise takes control of Charles IX
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Robert Dudley: should intervene
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“God forbid she should enter the bottomless pit”, but, fear of Duke of
Guise allying with MQS and Philip II which would “put us here in danger for our religion”
Elizabeth: intervention could recover Calais
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Liz £42,000 -> Huguenots
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Liz 6,000 troops -> split between Le Havre garrison + Huguenots in Rouen
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1564:
Treaty of Troyes: £120,000 -> Elizabeth in return for her claim to Le Havre
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Elizabeth considers match with Duke of Anjou: French could balance out bad relations with Philip;
danger of French taking advantage of Netherlands revolt
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1572:
Treaty of Blois: England + France, defensive alliance
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p towards France
from Spain
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Bartholomew: of Huguenots by Catholics
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Removed French threat
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Elizabeth begins courtship with Francis, Duke of Alcenon (and Anjou 1576-) brother of CHIX and
HIII: to limit his ambitions to rule the Netherlands
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Huguenot Henry of Navarre is heir to childless HIII
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The Treaty of Joinville: Catholic League + Philip II
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m -> League; Cardinal
Bourbon to be HIII’s heir
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he submits
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Elizabeth tries to enlist support of Lutheran princes and King of Denmark, fails
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1587:
Loan was useless, campaign failed
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Elizabeth backed Henry of Navarre
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Threat over Normandy
and Channel ports too great to ignore
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1591:
Expeditions in France
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3,000 men + Sir John Norris -> Brittany, to expel Spanish garrison
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1593:
Henry IV converts to Catholicism
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Doran: “the danger of a Spanish or Guise dominance over France consequently evaporated”
1594:
English troops under Norris capture Morlaix Castle and Spanish fort at Crozon
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Begins to negotiate with States-General to repay her loans
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1597:
Triple Alliance: Elizabeth, Henry IV, the United Provinces
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