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The quest for political stability, 1625-88
General background
• Head of both Church and State and at summit of social order - had divine right
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Gentry

• Had a similar income to the minor gentry, they owned up to 100 acres of land and held lesser
offices such as: constable, elder and juryman at quater sessions
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• Members of the House of Lords, and held senior offices at Court, such as being members of the
Privy Council
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• At the time of James' ascension, this group was growing and becoming poorer
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An inner circle of close friends and advisers, who gave advice to the monarch
(full of sycophants that'll agree with the King even if they personally don't ever agree - thus causing problems
(Archbishop of Canterbury was in it)
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A monarch could use their prerogative to make war and sign treaties
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The Church of England was protestant, but Elizabeth's settlement had retained some 'Catholic features'
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King's View
Parliament's
o
King had to act within the law - limit to his powers
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o
Freedom of speech meant MPs could criticise the King
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g
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o
The King should fund his expenditure from his own revenues or ask Parliament for subsidies Parliament could question this and even hold subsidies
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o
The King was not allowed in the chamber of the House of Commons
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They had freedom to criticise the King
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o
Parliament revived impeachment to bring the King's ministers to account
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− The Church of England
o
He chose the bishops and the doctrine, as he was supreme governor of the Church of England
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1625-1627 Timeline Key Finance Politics Personality Foreign Policy
June 1625⇒
Parliament will only grant Charles tonnage and poundage for a year to strengthen Parliament's position, in
defiance of a tradition that had lasted 300 years
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18th June 1625⇒
Charles' first Parliament
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' This is at odds with his father who was able to use speeches to pacify Parliament when problems arose
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Sep-Nov 1625⇒
The Cadiz expedition is launched by the Duke of Buckingham – the soldiers were poorly supplied and
1,000 got killed…failure
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6th Feb-15th June 1625⇒
During Charles' second Parliament, Parliament attempts to impeach Buckingham (due to his
failures)
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September 1626⇒
Charles orders collection of Forced Loans (in response to tonnage and poundage staying in
Parliament granted for one year) to raise money for the war against Spain
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January 1627⇒ England declared war against France
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June 1627⇒
Buckingham launches the La Rochelle expedition
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November 1627⇒
La Rochelle expedition failed, as it was poorly planned - 5,000 men died
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The judges ended up ruling in Charles' favour - thus many began to fear Charles
and his authoritarian methods, believing that the common law no longer offered protection as he can so easily alter it
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Charles evaded the petition and made
it less authoritative - Parliament didn't like this so friction was caused between them and Charles
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He went against Parliament so he
was imprisoned, fined and suspended as minister - this annoyed the King in regards to Parliament
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Some merchants are
arrested and their goods were confiscated in 1628 - this annoyed Parliament
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His failure in foreign
policy meant that he was unpopular
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− There was chaos in the commons when Charles intended to dissolve Parliament - he ended up dissolving them in
1629
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− Charles then focused on finances, reorganising the management of Crown lands, adding new impositions to the
collection of Tonnage and Poundage and reviving a number of feudal payments
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− Ship Money
o Ship Money was not a new concept, it had been used for the upkeep of the navy and taxed on coastal
towns previously
o In 1634, the levy was carried out in its traditional way, and provoked little comment
o But, in 1635 it was repeated and extended to inland countries
o By 1636, it had become annual tax, with the capability of providing a regular income that was
independent of any parliament
− If the king had no need of parliamentary grants, then he had no need of parliament
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− Puritan: a protestant who believed that the Reformation of the Church under Elizabeth I had not gone far enough,
and sought to simplify worship and 'purify' it from the taint of Catholic ceremony and superstition
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− Arminians: belief in free will and have an influence on whether they go to heaven/hell
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− 1620s-1630s: associated with 'high church' practices (similar to those of the Catholic Church) e
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organs, hymns
and bowing to the cross
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o Laud controlled the clergy by bishops and of laity by clergy
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o Disagreeing Church ministers stood before the Church Courts/Prerogative Court of High
Commission and if failure to conform, they were deprived of their livings (sacked)
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o Feoffees (Puritan Gentry) were forced to disband - they tried to control the appointment of Puritan
clergy via appointing their church minister and getting the right to collect the tithes that formed the
minister’s salary
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o Wentworth was based mainly in the North, until sent to Ireland as Lord Deputy in 1632
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o The Queen Henrietta-Maria had considerable influence
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She encouraged others, including her children, to participate in Catholic worship
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The Church of England Spectrum

Puritans
⇒plain churches & services

Calvinists
⇒pre-destination believers

Arminians
⇒some "catholic" features

Catholics
⇒followed the Pope

Reaction and resistance, 1636-40
− 1636: A group of Puritan gentry (feoffees) and nobility attempted organised resistance by maintaining contact with
Parliament through the Providence Island (a privately organised shipping company) as they lost their active part in
Parliament after 1629 (its disbandment)…
⇒Leaders: John Pym (an MP in the Commons), Duke of Bedford, Earl of Warwick, and Lord Saye
They form the
and Sele
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John and John Hampden (an MP in the Commons)
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− St
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− Judges found in the King's favour with their decision in 1638 - a narrow margin of 7 to 5
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− The case reflected a defeat for the opposition and the lack of Parliament was revealed as a weakness
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− 1637: Star Chamber sentenced 3 Puritan writers
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o Henry Burton, John Bastwick, and William Prynne became notorious
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− Clergymen present in government (evident in the appointment of William Juxon, Bishop of London, to the post of
London Treasurer, in 1636)
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o Not because opposition/resistance was stronger or increased organisation
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− Seditious Libel: something that is written down that threatened the government, e
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William Prynne
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They
also antagonised merchants and common people as they stifled competition and removed opportunities for profits
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− Ship money antagonised Sheriffs and JPs as they were placed in an awkward position, being expected to force their
friends and neighbours to pay an unpopular - and arguably illegal - tax
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The revival of forest laws antagonised the aristocracy as it meant that the greatest landowners were most likely to
have unwittingly encroached on medieval forests and to be liable for fines
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Why did the King abandon the Personal Rule in 1640?
− Problems in Britain caused Charles I to be in an unstable position in 1625
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− Scotland was catholic in the North, and Presbyterians (protestants) elsewhere
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− Why was Scotland a problem by 1637?
o 1635: New Church Laws, Scots had to use the New Church Liturgy (structure of religious
services), which angered the Scottish clergy
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o 23rd July 1637: Riots over the new prayer book, Charles had to put down the rebellion
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− The First Bishops' War of 1639 and Short Parliament
o Charles had 20,000 poorly trained men, and the Scots had 12,000 men
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o The Scottish Parliament abolished bishops and freed itself from Royal Control
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o April 1640, Short Parliament demanded the abandonment of royal claim to levy ship money,
and a complete change in the church system
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− The Second Bishops War of 1640
o Private individuals and corporations offered loans for war (totalling at £360,000)
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o Treaty of Ripon (21st October 1640) ⇒ Scots would occupy Newcastle until a settlement
was reached
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English Parliament
would be recalled
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How did Parliament try to curb Charles I's power between 1640-1641?
− The Long Parliament: Started in 1641 until 1660
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− Act of Attainder: Act of Parliament, like a death warrant, both Houses of Parliament had to agree, so they did not
have a trial
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1641- aimed at supporting Charles
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− Ten Propositions: Drew up by the opposition, included significant extensions of Parliamentary Power (e
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Protection
from royal vengeance)
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November 1640arrested
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o Curbing Charles I's financial strategies⇒ June 1641- Ship money abolished
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Triennial Act, 1641 (Parliament every 3 years, and
prevented the dissolving of Parliament) and the Ten Propositions
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o Preventing Charles I's abuse of the justice system⇒ June 1641 - abolition of Prerogative Courts,
used by the King
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− They seized strongholds
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−
−
−
−
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Huge massacre
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King not happy as it is another rebellion - same time as Scots
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Impacts on English politics⇒ the King had to mobilise an army
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The build up to war, 1641-42
− October 1641⇒ Irish Rebellion, and rumour of protestant massacres
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Fear of
rebellion spreading to England against Parliament
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Fears that the King might use an
army against Parliament
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Passed by a majority of 11 in the Commons,
showed divisions
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This made the King's supporters in
Parliament outraged
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Angered the King and
persuaded him to deal with the opposition
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− 4th January 1642⇒ King entered forbidden House of Commons with soldiers, and sent a warrant to arrest 5 leading
members
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− 10th January 1642⇒ King abandoned London, went to Hampton Court, and then moved to York
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− June 1642⇒ Parliament issued the 19 Propositions (in attempt to settle) - e
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Parliament to oversee the education
of the King's children (to avoid them becoming catholic like their mother)
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− June-August 1642⇒ Kings response was to raise forces
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People were being asked to
choose sides
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Civil war against Parliament
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Tudors⇒Civil War destroys them⇒Glorious Revolution⇒Parliamentary
Democracy
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− Marxist Theory
o Civil War is part of the process to Communism
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The Civil War could have been avoided, just was due to
problems between the King and individuals spiralling out of control
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The Civil War, 1642-46
1
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2
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3
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Divisions in Parliament
− The Newcastle Propositions (1646) ⇒ Parliament to nominate the key officers of state, Parliament to control the
militia for 20 years, and the abolishment of bishops for three years
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− The radical group, Levellers, emerged, as they wanted religious toleration, but then became more radical due to
army support – thus making the army a rival political force to Parliament (also as Cromwell supported leading army
officers and their want to expel 11 Presbyterian MPs
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Politicisation of the army
− Differences between the Levellers and Army Officers was the reason behind the Agreement of the People in October
1647
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Also, Henry Ireton (for the army's grandees (Senior
Officers)) called for voters to be property owners to stop voters from moving around
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− The King escaped, thus the debated ended without any resolution
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o The Leveller went back to the army and tried to mutiny - put down by Cromwell
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o January 1648, Parliament refused to negotiate with Charles and prepared the army for war
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− The Army wanted Charles to be punished (Cromwell agreed) - as presented in their Remonstrance of 20th November
1648
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− Charles did intend to abide by a settlement, but only for Parliament's control of the militia but not for the rest of
settlement
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− Colonel Thomas Pride and his soldiers surrounded Commons, leading to 186 MPs being excluded, and 45 arrested
– known as ‘Prides Purge’ (was a way to get Parliament not to settle with Charles)
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− The Rump Parliament finally dealt with Charles I in January 1649 as they created a High Court of Justice, which tried
Charles and found him guilty on the 27th January
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Was the Republican Rule stable?
−
1649: The Queen and the royal family are abroad in France and Holland
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−
Republican: elected bodies and elected leaders (not hereditary)
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−
Problems in establishing a government after Charles I's death:
o Ireland was a royalist Catholic area, therefore wouldn’t support a Republic
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o England Ireton initially had intentions to dissolve Parliament and hold new elections, but the
mood of the country meant that power simply had to pass onto the MPs who remained
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⇒Commonwealth - the official name given (1649-1660) to the government of England from the abolition of the
monarchy in 1649 to the establishment of the Protectorate in 1653
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1650 Blasphemy Act of August was aimed at restricting
radical religious sects
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−
Success during Rump (mainly due to Cromwell)
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May 1649: attack on the Levellers
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1651: failed invasion of Charles II to England from
Scotland
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ü Cromwell went to Ireland in August 1649 with the army and suppressed the Irish Royalists
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−
Failures of the Rump
χ Reforms were needed for equality and to lower taxation
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χ Money was needed for the army, Cromwell could not raise taxes, as they were too unpopular, so
had to sell off Crown Lands in April 1649
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χ The Anglo-Dutch War (1652-54) cost a lot of money
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−
Cromwell's actions were moderate at first, but angry slow reforms
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Cromwell dismissed Parliament by force, 1653
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o However, most were gentry, not “godly reformers”
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o The continued disputed between the ‘radicals’ and the conservative gentry led to the Assembly
being dissolved in December, only lasted 8 months
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Usually for child monarchs
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o Lord Protector⇒ Council of State (21 Members)⇒ Parliament (460 Members)
o Parliament elected every three years and would sit for five months minimum
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o A state church with freedom of worship, except for Catholics and Bishop supporters
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g
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o But, the regime was destabilised by Republicans and the Parliament was dissolved in January 1655
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He divided the country into 11 districts, rules by a major general
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o Cromwell tried to reform religion - Commission of Triers and Ejectors to make Church more flexible
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o He refused but had a 2nd Protectorate Parliament (1656-58)
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o Cromwell refused to be King but remained Lord Protector
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o Hereditary succession - Richard Cromwell
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o Richard Cromwell lasted a few months before resigning (not up for the job)
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The situation in 1660
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−
January 1660⇒ Troops, led by General Monck, came to London to restore orders
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−
April 1660⇒ Convention Parliament met
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Included
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−
5th May 1660⇒ Parliament said that the government is the King, Lords and Commons
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The Restoration Settlement 1660-64
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Effects of the Treaty of Breda: unopposed restoration for Charles II parliament did not insist on terms
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−
Fifth Monarchist Rebellion: 1661 in London - this gave the royalists more support, thus a more anti-radical feeling
emerged
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Family tree (just blood relations)
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This could lead to problems in Scotland and Ireland where there are Catholics
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− Problems with foreign policy
→ Charles II declared war on the Dutch (again)
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− Political Problems
→ The Plague (1665) and The Fire of London (1666) caused political tensions - Catholics
were blamed as were
thought to have caused it
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→ 1670: Treaty of Dover with the French to fight the Dutch in return for money - Charles II had also secretly
converted to Catholicism
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However, Charles II
was short of money and needed more to fight the Dutch, so had to withdraw the 1672 Declaration of
Indulgence
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→ James, Duke of York, had to resign
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→ Danby negotiated a treaty in 1677 with the Dutch, James, Duke of York's daughter; Mary was married to the
Dutch ruler, William (also her cousin)
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Titus told the story to a magistrate, Sir Edmund Godfrey – later was found DEAD
(coincidence?!)
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Oates used this to make up more allegations against more
important Catholics
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Parliament wanted to pass a law to
exclude James, Duke of York, from the succession (Parliament had passed a law allowing Cromwell to
nominate his successor!)
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− Whigs and Tories: the Exclusion Crisis 1679-81
→ End of Cavalier Parliament⇒ In 1678, Charles II dissolved Parliament to stop the impeachment of Danby
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→ The exclusion crisis⇒ The new Privy Council tried to pass an Exclusion Bill to replace James with Charles'
protestant son, James the Duke on Monmouth – this was defeated in the House of Lords in 1680
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In return for money, Charles would
suspend Parliament if it were hostile to France (making Charles financially dependent)
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The Rye House Plot and decline in Whig power
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April 1683: some old Cromwell soldiers and Whigs plotted to kill Charles II and replaced him with James, Duke of
Monmouth
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Charles does not call another Parliament thus no opposition
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−
Charles II died in 1685 and was succeeded by his brother; James II
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−
To note: James II was Charles I’s son, Charles II’s brother, and a Catholic
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James II and personal rule
−
June 1685: Monmouth’s Rebellion – a failure, James, Duke of Monmouth, was executed
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He managed to alienate most sections of the UK
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James overturned
Parliament with his royal prerogative
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−
1687: Declaration of Indulgence – religious freedom for all dissenting Catholics and Protestants, and freedom of
worship
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annoyed
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An Ecclesiastical Commission – used to replace Protestants with Catholics
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dislike
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1688: A son was born to James II and his wife
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Catholics
Collapse of royal power 1688
−
Many were sick of James abusing his powers, and his drastic pushed towards Catholicism
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They
represented many sections of the country, and invited William to invade with an army
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William accepted the invitation to get
support against the French
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−
December 1688: William got to London and captured James II
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James II followed his family into exile in France, with his Cousin Louis XIV
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