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Title: Ionic & Covalent Bonding
Description: Hello! This is a pretty basic yet comprehensive review of Ionic and Covalent Bonding :--) It\'s very easy to understand, as well! It helped me score high on my long quizzes and exams, and I hope that it would do the same for you :--)
Description: Hello! This is a pretty basic yet comprehensive review of Ionic and Covalent Bonding :--) It\'s very easy to understand, as well! It helped me score high on my long quizzes and exams, and I hope that it would do the same for you :--)
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IONIC BONDING
Stability
The Octet Rule
The noble gases are the chemical elements in group 18 of
the periodic table
...
Therefore, they rarely react with other
elements since they are already stable
...
They may accomplish this by either giving
electrons away or taking them
...
● are formed between a metal and a nonmetal
*atoms that have gained or lost electrons are called ions
○ metals
give
electrons
and
become
positively-charged cations
○ nonmetals take electrons and become
negatively-charged anions
● tend to be stronger than ionic compounds
● are formed between two nonmetals
○ transfer of electrons between nonmetals
● have high melting and boiling point
○ Why? Because ionic bonds are relatively strong;
thus, ionic crystals require a large amount of
energy to be broken apart
● generally have much lower melting and boiling points
● are poor conductor of electric current as solids
○ Why? In the solid state, the ions in an ionic
compound are locked into fixed positions by strong
attractive forces
...
The symbol for the cation is always written first,
followed by the symbol of the anion
...
Subscripts represent the number of ions of each
element in an ionic compound
...
3
...
Polyatomic Ions
● are ions made up of more than one atom
● acts as an individual ion in a compound and its charge
applies to the entire group of atoms
● The formula for a polyatomic ion follows the same rules
of used for a binary compound
○ Because a polyatomic ion exists as a unit, never
change subscripts of polyatomic ions
...
4
...
To distinguish between different oxidation states
of the same element, the oxidation state is
written in parentheses after the name of the
cation
...
REVIEW:
Why do atoms bond?
● Atoms gain stability when they share electrons and form
covalent bonds
...
● Gaining or losing electrons makes atoms more stable by
forming ions with noble-gas electron configurations
...
Covalent Bonds
Shared Elections
● Atoms in non-ionic compounds share electrons
...
● A molecule i s formed when two or more atoms bond
...
● Covalent bonding generally can occur between elements
that are near each other on the periodic table
...
○ Hydrogen (H2)
○ Nitrogen (N2)
○ Fluorine (F2)
○ Chlorine (Cl2)
○ Bromine (Br2)
○ Iodine (I2)
Names for Ions and Ionic Compounds
Naming an oxyanion
● An oxyanion is a polyatomic ion composed of an
element (usually a non-metal), bonded to one or more
oxygen atoms
Naming Ionic compounds
● Chemical nomenclature is a systematic way of naming
compounds
...
Name the cation followed by the anion
...
For monatomic, cations use the element name
...
For monatomic anions, use the root element
name and the suffix –ide
...
Repulsion occurs between nuclei and between electron
clouds
● The distance is right for the attraction between one
atom’s protons and the other atom’s electrons to make
the bond stable
● If the atoms are forced closer together, the nuclei and
electrons repel each other
The most stable arrangement of atoms in a covalent bond exists at
some optimal distance between nuclei
...
Molecular Compounds
● the chemical formula of a molecular compound
...
● A molecular formula shows the actual number of
atoms, while a formula unit (for ionic compounds)
shows the lowest whole-number ratio of ions
...
○ The shared electron pair of a pi bond occupies the
space above and below the line that represents
where the atoms are joined together
Single Covalent Bonds
●
When only one pair of electrons is shared, such as in a
hydrogen molecule, it is a single covalent bond
...
Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
Multiple Covalent Compounds
●
Sharing multiple pairs of electrons forms multiple
covalent bonds
Double Bonds
○ form when two pairs of electrons are shared
between two atoms
●
Triple Bonds
○ form when three pairs of electrons are shared
between two atoms
The strength depends on the distance between the two
nuclei, or bond length
...
The amount of energy required to break a bond is called
the bond dissociation energy
...
1
...
2
...
3
...
Exceptions:
● The first element in the compound name never uses
the mono-- p
refix
● If using a prefix results in two consecutive vowels,
one of the vowels is usually dropped to avoid an
awkward pronunciation
Naming Acids
1
...
2
...
Oxyacid
●
●
an acid that contains both a hydrogen atom and an
oxyanion
Naming Oxyacids
○ Identify the oxyanion present
...
An acid, whether a binary acid or an oxyacid, can have a
common name in addition to its compound name
...
Write the correct skeletal structure for the molecule
2
...
of electrons for the Lewis
structures by summing up the valence electrons of each
atom in the molecule
...
Distribute the electrons among the atoms, giving octets
to as many atom s as possible
...
4
...
Too few electrons- Electron deficient molecule
● Molecules where some atoms have fewer than
eight electrons are called electron deficient
...
2
...
Lonely Electrons - Free Radicals
● Free radicals contain at least one unpaired
electron in their valence shell
● Molecules with an odd number of electrons tend to be
free radicals
Title: Ionic & Covalent Bonding
Description: Hello! This is a pretty basic yet comprehensive review of Ionic and Covalent Bonding :--) It\'s very easy to understand, as well! It helped me score high on my long quizzes and exams, and I hope that it would do the same for you :--)
Description: Hello! This is a pretty basic yet comprehensive review of Ionic and Covalent Bonding :--) It\'s very easy to understand, as well! It helped me score high on my long quizzes and exams, and I hope that it would do the same for you :--)