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The Multi-Store ModelAtkinson and Shiffrin
(1968)
REHERS
AL

INFORMATI
ON

STOR

Sensory Register
(SR)

FORGETTI
NG

Capacity= unknown (very
limited)
Duration=1-2 sec
...
app
Coding=acoustic format

RETIEVA
L

TRANSFE
R

STO
R

Long-Term
Memory (LTM)
FORGETTIN
G

Capacity= unlimited
Duration= lifetime/years
Coding= semantically
(meaning)

Peterson and Peterson
(1959)- Duration of STM
● Laboratory experiment
● 24 psychology students
● Recall meaningless three-trigrams at different intervals
● To prevent rehearsal they needed to count backwords in
threes or fours from a specific number until they were asked
to recall the trigrams
...

• Capacity of STM is 7 give or take 2 chunks
• Patient KF (coding problems-remember faces but not
sounds

●
●

●

Bahrick (1975)- Duration of
LTM

Tested 400 US grads on their memory for former classmates
photos, years later, by getting them to match names to faces
90%accuracy for remembering faces and names 34 years after
graduation
●
Memories stored in LTM can last a lifetime
●
Clive Wearing (cannot transfer information to LTM)
Flashbulb Memory ( you don’t need to rehearse information to
be passed into the LTM)

Model- Baddeley and Hitch
(1974)
STM- Dual-Task Studies

➢ Participants perform two tasks at the time
➢ If the both tasks use the same component
(phonological loop) then the performance will be
poor
➢ If both tasks uses a different component
(phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad) then
performance will be improved

The
Central
Executive
•
•

The phonological loop

1
...


Articulatory
Control System
•
Inner Voice
Used words you hear or see
Sub vocal repetition

•
•

•
•
•

Holds words you hear
Limited capacity
Acoustic information for a
short p
...


Inner Scribe

Episodic Buffer
•
•

2
...
Visual Cache

Types of LTM Tulving
support from brain scans

patient HM (SUFFER FROM EPILEPSY AND HAD REMOVED HIS
HIPPOCAMPUS)

Episodic memory
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢

Personal memories
of events that
happened in our life
Time
Place
People
Emotions
Details
Context

Semantic memory
➢
➢

Knowledge about the
world that is shared by
everyone
Begin as Episodic
Memory

Procedural memory
➢
➢
➢

Memory of knowing how
to do something
Implicit memories
Automatic memories

Evaluation for the 3 types of LTM
Support from brain scans,

Different area's of the brain are active when the different types of LTM are being used:
-Episodic (Hippocampus and frontal lobe)
-Semantic (temporal lobe)
-Procedural (Cerebellum)
Patient KF,
-severely epileptic so had an operation to remove his hippocampus
-he could not form certain LTMs
-he could form new procedural memories but not episodic and semantic memories
Problems with clinical evidences,
-such clinical trials are not perfect
...
They accept
that procedural memories represent one type of LTM but they argue that episodic and semantic memories are stored together in
one LTM store called declarative memory)

Retrieval Failure Theory
Memory is there but cannot be access it
...


Types of failure
Context-dependent failure
Occurs when environmental
cues are missing
...


Forgetting in LTM is mainly due to retrieval failure – it's available but you cannot access it
...


Godden and Baddeley
(1975)
➢

The effect of contextual cues on recall, in a novel experiment using
divers
...

●
One memory has disrupted of interfered with a different
memory
...

Proactive interference – old memories interfering with new memories
...


Eye Witness Testimony-EWT
The weapon focus effect- where the witness focuses all their attention on the weapon being used, they have difficulties
remembering the other details of the event
...
high anxiety condition (man with a
knife runs past), 2
...
Those in the pen condition were correct 49% of the time
...
They concluded that the knife created higher levels of anxiety, so
that the witnesses focused their attention on the weapon and not the face of the man, therefore reducing the accuracy of their
EWT
...
Each participant had to watch 7 videos of a car
accident traffic
...
The verb smashed generated a speed average of 40,8mph
...
8mph
...

Gabbert et al
...
Each participant watched a video
of a girl stealing money from a wallet, but from different prospective
...
The results suggest that EWT is affected by post-event
discussions
...

60 students and 60 older adults were taking part in the research
...

They watched a video of a girl stealing money from a wallet
...

Finally, after the discussing the crime – they completed a questionnaire testing their memory of
the event
...


EWT - Evaluation
A weakness of this is that there is sample issue
...
This is a weakness of this study as the sample cannot be generalised to
the target population as it lacks population validity
...
Loftus and
Palmer study was a lab experiment where participants were watching a video of a car accident
...
This leads to low ecological validity as the experiment cannot be relied to real life
expectancy
...
This experiment was highly controlled
because Loftus and Palmer conducted it in a lab environment which makes it easy to control
extraneous variables like temperature, noise etc
...


MSM-Evaluation
Strengths

Weaknesses

•

Case study: Clive Wearing (he couldn’t
rehears and transfer to LTM)

•

Lab Evidences: Peterson and Peterson
(duration of STM), Miller (Capacity of
STM) and Bahrick (Duration of LTM)

Case study: Patient KF (brain injuries
after a motorcycle accident, he could
recall stored information so his LTM
was intact, but his Short-term was
affected, he had problems remembering
sounds)
Case study: Flashbulb Memory (ehere
highly emotional, shocking events go
into LTM with NO rehearsal)
...


Not ecological validity: Baddeley argues
that is hard to find such different
environments from land and underwater
...
(Godden and
Baddeley replicated the underwater
experiment but recognising words instead
of recalling-this relates to no contextdependent)

Forgetting-Evaluation
Strengths
Experimental support: Underwood s
study (the more lists people had to learn,
the more words they forgot
...


Weaknesses
Psychologists criticised this theory of
forgetting
...
It may be that
others theories such as retrieval failure
explains more real life situations of
forgetting
...


WMM- Evaluation
Strengths
Case studies: Patient KF (STM coding
problems)
Dual-Task studies: Participants perform two
tasks at the time
If the both tasks use the same component
(phonological loop) then the performance will
be poor
If both tasks uses a different component
(phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad)
then performance will be improved

Weaknesses
The Central Executive is the most
important but the less we know about it
WMM only concerns itself with STM
and is not a comprehensive model
memory

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