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MASS AND BALANCE
INTRODUCTION TO MASS AND BALANCE
Mass Limitations
1
...


For a conventional, nose tricycle gear aircraft configuration, the higher the takeoff mass:
1
...

3
...


Manoeuvrability is reduced
Range will decrease but endurance will increase
Gliding range will reduce
Statement 4 only is correct

A – All statements are correct
B – Statement 3 only is correct
C – Statements 1 and 4 are correct
D – Statement 4 is correct
Ref: AIR: atpl, cpl
Ans: C
3
...


If an aeroplane is at a higher mass than anticipated, for a given airspeed the
angle of attack will:
A – remain constant, drag will decrease and endurance will decrease
B – be decreased, drag will decrease and endurance will increase
C – be greater, drag will increase and endurance will decrease
D – remain constant, drag will increase and endurance will increase
Ref: AIR: atpl, cpl
Ans: C

5
...
This error is not detected by the flight crew but they
will notice that:
A – V1 will be reached sooner than expected
B – speed at un-stick will be higher than expected
C – V1 will be increased
D – the aeroplane will rotate much earlier than expected
Ref: AIR: atpl, cpl
Ans: B

6
...
3 Vs is used
...
If the mass of the aeroplane is increased to 135,000 kg the value of 1
...


At maximum certificated take-off mass an aeroplane departs from an airfield
which is not limiting for either take-off or landing masses
...
An
emergency is declared and the aeroplane returns to departure airfield for an
immediate landing
...


During a violent avoidance manoeuvre, a light twin aircraft, certified to FAR
23 requirements was subjected to an instantaneous load factor of 4
...
The
Flight manual specifies that the aircraft is certified in the normal category for a
load factor of -1
...
8
...


If an extra load is loaded into an aircraft the stall speed is likely to:
A – Stay the same
B – Decrease
C – Increase
D – Change depending on whether the load was placed FWD or AFT of the C
of G
Ref: AIR: atpl, cpl
Ans: C

10
...


Over-loading would result in:
A – a decrease in stalling speed
B – a decrease in fuel consumption
C – an increase in range
D – a reduction of aircraft performance
Ref: AIR: atpl, cpl; HELI: atpl, cpl
Ans: D

031-01-02 CG limitations
1
...


During take-off you notice that, for a given elevator input, the aeroplane rotates
much more rapidly than expected
...


If the aeroplane is neutrally stable this would suggest that:
A – the CG is forward
B – the CG is in mid range
C – the CG is on the rear limit
D – the CG is behind the rear limit
Ref: AIR: atpl, cpl; HELI: atpl, cpl
Ans: D

4
...
This
will result in:
A – an increased risk of stalling due to a decrease in tail-plane moment
B – a reduced fuel consumption as a result of reduced drag
C – an increase in longitudinal stability
D – a reduction in power required for a given speed
Ref: AIR: atpl, cpl
Ans: A

5
...


An aeroplane is said to be NEUTRALLY STABLE
...


The mass displacement caused by landing gear extension:
A – does not create a longitudinal moment
B – creates a pitch-up longitudinal moment
C – creates a longitudinal moment in the direction (pitch-up or pitch-down)
determined by the type of landing gear
D – creates a pitch-down longitudinal moment
Ref: AIR: atpl, cpl; HELI: atpl, cpl
Ans: C

8
...


If the centre of gravity is near the forward limit the aeroplane will:
A – benefit from reduced drag due to the decrease in angle of attack
B – require elevator trim which will result in an increase in fuel consumption
C – require less power for a given airspeed
D – tend to over rotate during take-off
Ref: AIR: atpl, cpl
Ans: B

10
...


Which of the following is most likely to affect the range of centre of gravity
positions on an aeroplane?
A – The need to minimise drag forces and so improve efficiency
B – Location of the undercarriage
C – The need to maintain a low value of stalling speed
D – Elevator and tail-plane (horizontal stabiliser) effectiveness in all flight
conditions
Ref: AIR: atpl, cpl
Ans: D

12
...


Assuming gross mass, altitude and airspeed remain unchanged, movement of
the centre of gravity from the forward to the aft limit will cause:
A – increased cruise range
B – higher stall speed
C – lower optimum cruising speed
D – reduced maximum cruise range
Ref: AIR: atpl, cpl
Ans: A

14
...
The airport has an
exceptionally long runway
...


With the centre of gravity on the forward limit which of the following is to be
expected?
A – A decrease of the stalling speed
B – A decrease in the landing speed
C – A decrease in range
D – A tendency to yaw to the right on take-off
Ref: AIR: atpl, cpl
Ans: C

16
...


A forward C of G would result in:
A – A reduced rate of climb
B – A decrease in cruise range
C – A decrease in both rate of climb and cruise range
D – An increase in both rate of climb and cruise range
Ref: AIR: atpl, cpl
Ans: C

18
...


What effect does the CG on the aft limit have on the fuel consumption of an
aeroplane?
A – Increases
B – Decreases
C – No effect
D – Marginal increase
Ref: AIR: atpl, cpl
Ans: B

20
...


If the CG is aft of the neutral point it results in:
A – increased stability with increased

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