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THE

PILOT

Operational
procedures
ATPL
STUDENT
pilot
resume

all info you need to pass atpl exams

Ops numbers & things to remember:

CAT operations:
- Height call outs 200ft above threshold elevation with RA
- 1 RA & 2 pilots

CAT
I
II
IIIA
IIIB
IIIC

Decision Height
>200ft
>100ft
<50ft or none
<50ft or none
None

Guidance
200ft
50ft
To runway
To runway
To runway

RVR
550m
300m
200m
>75m
No limit

Type of approach
Planning minima
CAT II & III
CAT I RVR
CAT I
NPA RVR, ceiling at or above MDH
NPA
NPA RVR/VIS + 1000m, ceiling at or above MDH + 200ft
Circling
Circling visibility, MDH & ceiling for ETA +/- 1 hour
MDH:

Facility
Lowest DH/MDH
ILS/MLS/GLS
200
GNSS/SBAS/LPV
200
GNSS (LNAV)
250
GNSS/BARO-VNAV
250
ILS LOC(LLZ only)
250
VOR/DME
250
SRA (0
...
3
Aircraft category
V AT
A
<91
B
91 – 120
C
121 – 140
D
141 – 165
E
166 – 210

Planning minima for ETOPS en route alternate aerodrome:
Type of approach
Planning minima
Precision approach

DA/H + 200 ft
RVR/VIS + 800 m*

Non-precision approach
or Circling approach

MDA/H + 400 ft*
RVR/VIS + 1 500 m

VIS: visibility; MDA/H: minimum descent altitude / height

Approach criteria (Precision or NPA):
- 1000ft above aerodrome or into final approach segment in the case DA/H or MDA/H is more than 1000ft
above the aerodrome (Also when there is no outer marker)
- MINIMUM Visual approach minima RVR = 800m
- NON-PRECISION: Threshold RVR >750m
IFR

-

VFR:
-

Single pilot operations:5 IFR flights, including 3 instrument approaches preceding 90 days
Minimum crew of 2 pilots: For turbo-props of more than >9 seats & all turbojets
Minimum IFR requirement: 1 VOR, 1 ADF, 1 DME
Minimum VFR without visual reference to landmarks: 1 VOR 1 DME
VFR radio: 1 radio & 1 transponder

Take-off alternate:
- 2 engines: 1 hour flight time with OEI
- 3 – 4 engines: 2 hours flight time with OEI
Destination alternate:
- 2 destination alternates: 1 hour before & 1 hour after estimated time of arrival OR when no
meteorological information is available
- Alternate fuel can be used provided: 2 independent runways are available & weather conditions 500ft
above MDA/2000ft AAL, & visibility >5km
Visibility:
- Low visibility take-off: RVR <400m
- Additional procedures: Permit continued operations when ground visibility <800m
Navigation equipment:
- AWR: Non-pressurized MTOM >5700kg & MOSPC >9
- ACAS: MCTOM > 5700kg & MOPSC > 19
Passengers Megaphones
0
0
61 – 99
1
>100
2
Extinguishers, depends on seats (3-6-23456):
Seats
Extinguishers
7 – 30
1
31 – 60
2
61 – 200
3
201 – 300
4
301 – 400
5
401 – 500
6
501 – 600
7
>601
8
+1 in flight deck (If QN asks for total)

Black
Blue
Cream
Green
Red
Yellow

CO 2
Dry powder
Foam
Vaporising liquids
Water
Wet chemical

Regulations
- “Emergency demonstration”: Not more than 50% of emergency exits available
- “Complex operations” when >20 full time employees
- Dry lease: Proof to national authority includes operational need & a dry lease-in does not exceed 7 months
in any 12 consecutive month period
- Operator proficiency check: 6 months

Documents
- Operational flight plan kept for 3 months
- Dangerous goods kept for 3 months
- M&B kept for 3 months
- Tech log kept for 36 months
Aircrew
- Rest period
•
Away from home base: 10 hours
•
At home base: 12 hours
- 1 cabin crew member for 50 passengers can be exempted provided a report is sent to the AUTHORITY after
flight
- At least 1 cabin crew required for planes >19 seats & when carrying one or more passengers
- Senior cabin crew: 12 months experience
- Min age 18 years
Training
- Proficiency checks: 2 within a year more than 4 months between checks
- Line check: 12 months
- Recurrent flight & ground training: 12 months
- Zero flight time training (ZFTT) shall commence flying not later than 21 days
(FDP) flight duty period:
- Basic maximum can be extended by max 1 hour
- Unforeseen circumstances by 3 hours
- Stopover: Made due to cumulative duty hours
- Total duty periods shall not exceed:
•
60 hours in 7 days
•
110 hours in 14 days
•
190 hours in 28 days
- Some elements of standby time are counting for duty time
- Total flight time of sectors:
•
100 hours in 28 days
•
900 hours in a calendar year
•
1000 hours in 12 months
- Night duty: 0200 – 0459 in time zone crew is acclimatized
Oxygen:
- First aid oxygen:
•
Operating >25000ft (Important)
•
2% of passengers carried
•
Cabin altitude >8000ft
•
For passengers with physiological problems
•
For passengers or crew when required
•
4 litres STPD/min
- Supplemental oxygen for pressurized aircraft:
•
Crew (flight crew & cabin crew): 10000-13000ft oxygen is needed if period is exceeding 30 min,
above 13000ft is needed immediately
Pilots: Up to 25000 ft for 30 mins, over 25000 ft it should be enough for 2 hours
•
Above 41000ft: At least 1 crew member must wear oxygen
•
10% of the passengers between 10000-14000ft after the first 30 min
•
Aircraft will be equipped with a warning system indicating cabin altitude is higher than 3000m
- Supplemental oxygen for non-pressurized aircraft:
•
Pilots/flight deck crew on duty shall be supplied with oxygen at all times above 10000ft
•
Cabin crew shall be supplied with oxygen if period exceeding 30 min above 10000 but not exceeding
13000ft, and entire flight above 13000ft

10% of passengers between 10000-13000ft (Some passengers)
100% of passengers above 13000ft (10000-13000ft 30 min rule does not apply here as with cabin
crew)
Cabin compression failure:
•
Flight crew are able to fly with no supplemental oxygen with no time limit is 10000ft
•
All crew member (flight crew & cabin crew) above 13000ft
•
Passengers: 100% of the passengers: the entire flight when pressure altitude is above 15000ft, but in
no case less than 10 min
Oxygen masks/inhalers:
•
110% of seating capacity above 25000ft
•
Above FL410 one pilot must wear an oxygen mask
•
Quick donning type oxygen masks are compulsory above 25000ft
- PBE: 15 minutes
•
•

Life jackets & rafts:
- Life rafts: If flying more than (i)2 hours or (ii)400NM to coast
- Number of life rafts carried on board allows transport of occupants in case of a loss of one raft of largest
capacity (+1 raft for spare)
- Life jackets for anywhere 50NM from land, when using departure & arrival paths over water
Emergencies:
- Passenger emergency exit provided if exit sill height is > 1
...
5MHz & 406MHz
•
>19: (i)After 2008 2 ELTs, 1 of which is auto ELT-----(ii)Before 2008 1 auto ELT or 2 ELT of any type
•
<19: (i)After 2008 1 auto ELT-----(ii)Before 2008 1 ELT of any type
- FDRs: Last 25 hours, >27000kg or >5700kg, kept for 60 days
- CVRs: Last 30 minutes or 2 hours
- Emergency lighting system:
•
10 minutes
•
MOSPC > 9 seats:
•
Always ARMED
- Spare fuses: 10% of number of fuses or 3 for each rating
First aid-kits:
- Emergency medical kits:
•
One required when MOPSC > 30 and route > 60mins
Seats
Kits
0 – 100
1
101 – 200 2
201 – 300 3
301 – 400 4
401 – 500 5
>501
6

Fuel:

-

Final reserve fuel (Turbine engines)= 45 minutes
Final reserve fuel (Reciprocating engines) = 30 minutes 1500ft above aerodrome
Isolated aerodrome: 2 hours with normal cruise consumption including final reserve fuel

Seats:
- Child restraint device: Younger than 24 months
- Seats allocated for each person on board aged 24 months or more

ADULT > 12
CHILD > 2
INFANT < 2

Other equipment:
- Interphone/PA system: CREW> 1, MCTOM of more than 15000kg & MOPSC > 19
- Time piece requirement: 1 time piece
- Windshield wiper: Aircraft with MTOM> 5700kg
- Standby artificial horizon power supply: >5700kg = 30 minutes
RVSM: Deviation alert equipment tolerance: +/-90m (300ft)
Remote areas:
- Flying in remote areas where SAR is difficult: 90 minutes at cruising speed
- Equipped with at least signalling equipment, 1 ELT & additional survival equipment for the route
Turboprops:
•
>5700kg equipped with altitude alerting system capable of alerting crew when deviating from preselected
altitude
•
2 min crew when MOSPC >9
Window of circadian low (WOCL): 0200 – 0559 hours
ETOPS:
- 60 minutes at cruising speed with OEI
- 180 minutes rule: 180 minutes with OEI
- Non-ETOPS:
•
CLASS A more than 45tons /20MOPSC: 60 mins OEI from airport
•
CLASS A with less than 45tons/20MOPSC, B & C: 120 mins or 300nm OEI whichever is less
En-route ETOPS alternate aerodrome:
Type of approach
Planning minima
Precision
DA/H + 200ft, RVR/VIS + 800m
Non-precision/Circling MDA/H + 400ft, RVR/VIS + 1500m
- Flight can be commenced when forecasts indicate that at arrival or 1 hour after conditions exists at or
above planning minima
Longitudinal separation:
- Turbojet:
•
15 mins same track & same Mach no
...
technique is used
•
5 mins absolute minimum/leading aircraft higher speed
- Turbo-prop:
•
20 mins
•
30 mins in western area of NATs (North Atlantic tracks)
Lateral separation:
- Standard: 60NM
- Absolute minimum: 30NM
Conversion angle = Change of longitude x sin latitude
Departure = Change of longitude x cos latitude
Conversion angle = Earth convergence ÷ 2

Cross-track difference = (Conversion angle x distance/departure) ÷ 230
GTAP NH, TGAP SH
Precession:
- Astronomic precession (Apparent wander):
•
Right NH (Gyro reading shows negative value, corrected by a positive value)
•
Left SH (Gyro reading shows positive value, corrected by a negative value)
•
15o x h x sin Lm
•
15o/h x sin Lm
•
Exists when aircraft is on the ground or flying
- Chart precession: Gyro north precess in relation to grid north for a given chart
- Transport precession:
•
Gyro north in relation to true north
•
Change of longitude x sin mean latitude
- Conversion angle: Longitude difference/2 x sin average latitude
- Total wander = Astronomic + transport wander + mechanical precession
- Heading adjustment for constant gyro heading: From RL track +/- (0
...
35Mhz
- Code to be set 30 minutes into NAT: 2000
- Code to be set before 40 minutes entering NAT: As requested by ATC
- Revised estimate to time for next position transmitted when it has changed 3 mins or more
- Tolerance boundary window = 3 mins
- Clearances: Oceanic clearance requested 40 mins prior
- IFR when operating at or above FL60 or 2000ft above ground whichever is greater
Polar track system: Horizontal component of magnetic field less than 6 micro Teslas
Min navigation performance specification (MNPS):
- MNPS airspace:
•
From 27o North to 90o North
•
Vertical separation 1000ft
•
60NM separation between aircraft meeting MNPS
•
Requires at least one LRNS & at least 2 inertial navigation units
•
Between FL285 & 420
- Westerly headings: Even FLs between 285 & 420
- Report position:
•
Every 20o of longitude north of 70N

Every 10o of longitude south of 70N
Long range navigations:
•
LRNS failure before flight: File special routes or fly above/below MNPS
•
2 LRNS fails: Only T9 can be used
•
All LRNS fail while flying, climb/descend 500ft
Organised track system
•
Day (Westbound): 1130-1900UTC
•
Night (east bound): 0100-0800UTC
•
1901 – 0059 UTC or 0801 – 1129 UTC: Out of validity period
Non-MNPS aircraft: Can plan routes at FL280 or less
Deviations around severe weather: Deviations >10NM, aircraft is 10NM from track, level change of 300ft
...
6
Noise abatement procedure (NAP):
- According to ICAO doc 8168
- Found in AIP Part AD 2 publication
- NADP 1 = V 2 + 10kts till 3000ft (NAP near airfield, flap retracted after 3000ft)
- NADP 2 = V 2 + 10kts till 800ft (Thrust reduction to climb power) & then V ZF + 10kts till 3000ft
- NAP not used: Contaminated runway, ceiling <500ft (150m), visibility <1
...
5m – 2
...
5MHz
•
If ATS cannot be established: Fly cruising levels differing from 500ft (IFR) or 1000ft in RVSM
•
Promulgated in Doc 7030
Number of emergency exits:
- Must be arranged to allow all passengers & crew members to leave in 90 seconds (>44 seats) through 50%
of available emergency seats
Jettison:
Reduce aircraft weight in emergency unless capable to meet 2
...
2% all engines
Best >FL60
Within 15 minutes
Hydroplaning speed = 34 x √P (P = tyre pressure in bars) = 9 x √P (P = tyre pressure in psi)
Wet runway:
- 25% contamination of runway with depth of 3mm or less
- Covered with quantity of water <= 3mm
SNOWTAM:
- Friction measurement: H) X/X/X [5-4-3-2-1]
- Contamination: F) X/X/X
- 24 hours validity
>3mm or 25% covered = contaminated (Shiny appearance does NOT mean contaminated)
Slush lowest friction coefficient



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