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PYC3703
2021 MOCK ASSIGNMENT
16
...
This advantage
for short study sessions is called the - - - - -
...
generation effect
2
...
spacing effect
4
...
The - - - - - refers to the observation that the presence of a weapon impairs eyewitness recall for the details of the
crime scene, including those associated with the perpetrator’s face
...
familiarity effect
2
...
weapon focus effect
4
...
Once a theory is developed, it - - - - -
...
is continuous
...
it is not simply accepted as true
3
...
can be regarded as true
2
...
You notice many features of it: its colour,
movement, shape, location, and so forth
...
1
...
by the grandmother cells in the brain
3
...
through fMRI potentials
3
...
1
...
recognition
3
...
personal semantic memory
4
...
1
...
interesting
3
...
inaccurate
5
...
1
...
a list of long words than a list of short words
...
a list of words that are all the same length than a list of words that are of different lengths
...
a list of words that are of different lengths than a list of words that are all the same length
...
Gauthier et
...
's (1999) experiment showed that after extensive ‘Greeble recognition’ training sessions, FFA
neurons had a(n) - - - - - response to faces and an - - - - - response to Greebles
...
unvaried; unvaried
2
...
unvaried; increased
4
...
Sperling's (1960) delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that - - - - 1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
8
...
1
...
resistance
3
...
invariance
9
...
Structural models and process models
2
...
Interpersonal models and intrapersonal models
4
...
If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has - - - - - memory
...
an absence of sensory
2
...
exceptional short-term
4
...
Broadbent was the first person to develop which of the following?
1
...
A computer program for solving logic problems
3
...
The first textbook of cognitive psychology
12
...
20%: 50 %: 70% correct
2
...
30 %: 30%: 30% correct
4
...
You conduct an experiment in which participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are
told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented
...
1
...
I
3
...
C
14
...
1
...
analytic introspection
3
...
behavioural analysis
15
...
the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus
...
the test stimulus being different from the priming stimulus
...
the test stimulus being similar in meaning to the priming stimulus
...
the test stimulus being different in meaning from the priming stimulus
...
The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is - - - - -
...
just under a fraction of a second
2
...
1-3 minutes or more
4
...
The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true - - - - -
...
only when we are aware we've seen them before
2
...
only when we agree with them
4
...
Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results
...
Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory
...
Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer
...
Replacing the STM component of the modal model with iconic memory
...
Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory
...
Many studies have demonstrated that patients with pathological pain get real pain relief from placebos
...
1
...
attention
3
...
all of these
20
...
The oblique effect
2
...
Angled orientation
4
...
Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory?
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
22
...
Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory
...
Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory
...
Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor
semantic memory
...
Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory
...
- - - - - notion that the mind could be represented as operating in a sequence of stages, often represented by
boxes, allows cognitive psychologists to develop models that can be tested by further experiments
...
Broadbent’s
2
...
Cherry’s
4
...
Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing?
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
25
...
represent different aspects of the same mechanism
...
are caused by different mechanisms that depend upon each other
...
both rely most heavily on a semantic coding mechanism
...
are caused by different mechanisms that act independently
...
According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information
...
Which of the following is not one of those skills as noted in the textbook by the
chapter?
1
...
Experiencing neuromodulation
3
...
Answering questions
27
...
Tactile signals such as these are received by the - - - - - lobe
...
parietal
2
...
frontal
4
...
According to many modern cognitive psychologists, working memory capacity crucially depends on - - - - -
...
the absolute amount of short-term storage space
...
the relative amount of short-term memory space
...
efficient attention control
...
quick transport to long-term memory
...
Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as - - - - -
...
myelin sheaths
2
...
neural circuits
4
...
Explicit memory is to - - - - - as implicit memory is to - - - - -
...
2
...
4
...
The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the ‘good old days’ reflects the self-image hypothesis,
which states that - - - - 1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
2
...
While sitting in traffic, Thabo says to his
girlfriend, ‘Polo's must be the best-selling car now
...
’
Thabo's judgment is most likely biased by a(n) - - - - -
...
representativeness heuristic
2
...
illusory correlation
4
...
The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more - - - - -
...
slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words
2
...
quickly to letters that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word
4
...
Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution - - - - - prior to the solution of an insight problem and - - - - -prior to
the solution of a non-insight problem
...
gradually rise; gradually rise
2
...
rise suddenly just; gradually rise
4
...
Consider the following conditional syllogism:
Premise 1: If I don't eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight
...
Conclusion: Therefore, I wasn't hungry tonight
...
1
...
invalid
3
...
abstract
6
...
Is difficult
...
Involves obstacles between one's current state and a desired goal
...
Has one correct answer
...
The solution is not obvious
...
Who were important advocates of the evolutionary perspective on cognition?
1
...
Cosmides and Tooby
3
...
Berger and Hawks
8
...
1
...
Tower of Hanoi
3
...
Russian marriage
9
...
1
...
Prospective memory
3
...
Automatic narrative
10
...
Experts possess more knowledge about their fields than novices
...
Experts often organise problems differently than novices, based on principles
...
Experts often spend more time analysing problems than novices
...
Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field
...
It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if - - - - 1
...
2
...
4
...
both are handled by the phonological loop
...
Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the - - - -
...
hippocampus
2
...
occipital cortex
4
...
When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the
following represented the mapping step of this process?
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
14
...
1
...
increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound
3
...
increase the efficiency of short-term memory
15
...
Therefore, the two problems have very different - - - - -
...
surface features
2
...
structural features
4
...
The - - - - - refers to the finding that distinctiveness or (un)expectancy aids memory
...
critical lure
2
...
von Restorff effect
4
...
Cosmides and Tooby (1992) tested participants' ability to solve variations of the Wason problem, including ones
containing stories about a particular culture
...
1
...
a premise
3
...
using a heuristic
18
...
This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker
who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown
...
1
...
auditory, regardless of the gender of the speaker
3
...
auditory from a male speaker
19
...
It involves using pictures, words or other stimuli to help
someone recognise another word or phrase in the future
...
Word completion
2
...
Incidental encoding
4
...
‘You can't have any pudding unless you eat your vegetables,’ says a man to his son at the dinner table
...
1
...
self-serving bias
3
...
the illusory correlation
21
...
1
...
goal state
3
...
source story
22
...
1
...
Implicit; episodic
3
...
Procedural; episodic
23
...
She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she drives past the abandoned slum
area, but she hates her home when driving past the fancy mansions and their large lawns
...
1
...
confirmation bias
3
...
the law of large numbers
24
...
Police ask witnesses questions and have them rate their confidence level in their recollections
...
Police offer positive reinforcement to witnesses (e
...
, ‘Good, that makes sense
...
3
...
4
...
25
...
You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him
...
1
...
the conjunction rule
3
...
none of these
26
...
1
...
goal
3
...
initial
27
...
Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting
before they notice a connection
...
Mapping corresponding parts between the problems because the elements are difficult to identify
...
Applying the mapping to generate a parallel solution because of the difficulty in generalising from one problem to
another
...
Solving the problem through reorganisation because past experience can make it more difficult to reorganise a
problem
...
The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the - - - - -
...
availability heuristic
2
...
belief bias
4
...
Gabrielle is tall, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive apartment
...
1
...
the availability heuristic
3
...
the law of small numbers
30
...
1
...
target
3
...
prototype
2020 - SEMESTER 1 - MOCK ASSIGNMENT
1
...
1
...
sensory modality
3
...
reaction time
2
...
1
...
plotted functions that described the operation of the mind
3
...
showed how positive reinforcers strengthen behaviour
3
...
It is probably accurate, which explains why the human nervous system contains over one hundred quadrillion
neurons
...
Research has found that specificity encoding does occur for lower animals, such as dogs and cats, but has not found
this phenomenon to exist in human beings
...
It is unlikely to be correct because there are too many stimuli in the world to have a separate neuron for each
...
Specificity coding is one of the areas that is only theoretical and not applied, and thus there is no way to know if it
truly exists in human beings
...
If we assume the field of cognitive psychology as defined in Goldstein and Van Hooff (2018) which of the following
examples should probably NOT be classified as a study of cognition?
1
...
The researcher studies the memory span of subjects after they had
ingested varying amounts of an alcoholic beverage
...
Considering the role of caretakers in facilitating language development
...
e
...
3
...
4
...
The study requires a group of executives to perform a problem
solving task, and the researcher studies their social interaction with one another while they are engaged in the task
...
In the drawing above, parts A, B, C and D are (in the order given) - - - - -
...
the frontal lobe, the occipital lobe, the parietal lobe, and the temporal lobe
2
...
the occipital lobe, the temporal lobe, the parietal lobe, and the frontal lobe
4
...
A synapse typically consists of - - - - -
...
some dendrites, the cell body, and an axon ending in the terminals
2
...
the end of an axon, a space, and the receiving membrane on another neuron’s dendrites
4
...
Casey was involved in a motor car accident, and sustained serious injury to both the temporal and occipital lobes of
her brain
...
1
...
execution of movement and sensing texture
3
...
somatosensory processing
8
...
g
...
1
...
feature detectors
3
...
receptors
9
...
What would be the main indicator of such a problem?
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
10
...
He is going to conduct an experiment to
see which areas of the brain are activated when subjects are presented with a word completion tasks which probes
implicit rather than explicit learning
...
We can therefore expect that he
will - - - - -
...
use a computer to reconstruct images of the movement of positrons in different regions of the subjects’ brains while
they are performing the word completion task
...
record the neural impulses from one artery or vein in the subjects’ brains while they are doing the task
3
...
study neural activity in different areas of the subjects brains while they are doing the word completion task
...
When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented in a single neuron by the - - - - -
...
size of the action potentials
2
...
firing rate of the neurotransmitters
4
...
In a cognitive psychology experiment, the participants are shown different variations of a visual pattern on a
computer screen
...
However when asked afterwards they feel
confident that they have actually seen the pattern itself
...
Prototype theory
2
...
The distinctive-features models
4
...
‘Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible’ refers to which
Gestalt law?
1
...
Similarity
3
...
Common fate
14
...
1
...
perceptual organization
3
...
perceptual fusion
15
...
If the chemical structure of lemon-fragrance molecules is substantially different from the chemical structure of rosefragrance molecules
...
Whether the receptors in the nasal passages respond differently to lemon and rose fragrances
...
Whether the portion of the brain that receives information about smell stores different fragrances in difference
locations
...
Whether people recognise a lemon fragrance more readily when they see a photo of a lemon than when they see a
photo of a rose
...
Neuropsychology or cognitive psychology textbooks often describe the case of a patient called H
...
, whose
memory was affected by neurosurgery
...
Supporters of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model will cite this case because - - - - -
...
he apparently cannot transfer material from short-term memory to long-term memory
2
...
he apparently can shift material directly from sensory memory to long-term memory
4
...
If you were working in a nursing home with people who have Alzheimer’s disease, it would be especially useful for
you to know that people with the disease - - - - -
...
do much better on explicit memory tasks than on implicit memory tasks
2
...
can easily get lost because they have difficulty in remembering how to find their way back to familiar places
4
...
First read the scenario and then answer the questions
...
The
students are asked to listen to a list of 20 words, and these words are presented in the order indicated below
...
She first reads the list of words to each participant, and after reading
the list, the psychologist instructs them to recall as many of the words as possible in the order that they were presented
...
What aspects of memory is the psychologist investigating in the experiment?
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
19
...
Student A
2
...
Student D
20
...
Student A
2
...
Student C
21
...
Student A
2
...
Student D
22
...
She noted that
there was a “saving” in that the information was learned faster the second time
...
1
...
subsequent refinement
3
...
permastore
23
...
1
...
interference
3
...
accessibility
24
...
1
...
contain a lot of autobiographical information
3
...
help to activate a whole area of memory just like a light bulb lights up a whole room
25
...
There is no necessary relation between memory confidence and memory accuracy
...
If a witness is very confident in a memory that is a clear indication that the memory is accurate and that the
eyewitness testimony can therefore be accepted as true
...
Cognitive psychologists tend to believe that a witnesses’ confidence in his or her memory is a good sign of memory
accuracy, but juries and judges generally do not
...
Even though people are sometimes unsure about the accuracy of their memories, eyewitness research has shown
that human memory is extremely accurate over very long periods of time
...
Suppose that you have an assignment to write a review of the literature on a topic in cognitive psychology
...
1
...
search systematically through a problem space (e
...
, all possible topics on perception, all possible topics on memory,
etc
...
break the problem into parts (e
...
, select a topic, locate resources, etc
...
try to think of occasions on which you faced a similar problem (e
...
, writing a paper in a child development course)
and use that information to help you solve the present problem
27
...
1
...
monitor their declarative knowledge of a domain
3
...
spend proportionally more time on applying various problem-solving strategies than on representing and analysing
the problem
28
...
1
...
(a) denial of the antecedent (b) logically invalid
3
...
(a) denial of the antecedent (b) logically valid
29
...
P → Q, not P therefore not Q
2
...
P → Q, not Q therefore not P
4
...
Consider the following variation of the classical Wason selection task of conditional reasoning
...
The four cards below show (potential) information about four London residents, each
card representing one person
...
The task is to identify which cards
must definitely be turned over to see if any of these people violated the rule
...
1
...
B and C
3
...
B and D
31
...
Samantha: “People consistently make correct decisions based on the information they are given; problems arise
when some crucial information is missing
...
Nayan: “People use heuristics in decision making; their decisions are usually correct, but not if they use the
heuristics inappropriately
...
Arthur: “People consistently make incorrect decisions, unless the material is extremely concrete
...
Shirley: “The most common kinds of decision-making errors involve illicit conversions and belief-bias errors;
otherwise, decision making is reasonably accurate
...
Which of the following statements best illustrates the confirmation bias?
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
33
...
She just heard about someone who had a bad reaction to a medication
that is used for depression
...
1
...
relationship between illusory correlations and the representativeness heuristic
3
...
tendency for recency to influence availability
34
...
1
...
translate English sentences into Chinese
3
...
effectively operate according to a set of rules
35
...
1
...
a Euro-American ‘article of export’
3
...
a complete understaning of a phenomeon
2020 - ASSIGNMENT 1 – SEMESTER 2:
1
...
1
...
on the lookout for alternative explanations of what has been observed
3
...
all of the above
2
...
1
...
empirical observation
3
...
the law of good continuation
...
Nicole steps up to the golf ball and hits it down the fairway
...
But
Nicole says, ‘Wait a minute, I haven’t teed off yet
...
1
...
procedural
3
...
working
4
...
Perception occurs in conjunction with action
...
Perception involves a process similar to problem solving
...
Perception is affected by someone’s past experiences
...
Perception remains stable over time
...
If Siphiwe Tshabalala, a professional soccer player, wanted to remember his 16-digit credit card number, which of
the following memory techniques would you recommend?
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
6
...
1
...
The blood-brain barrier
3
...
The nervous system
7
...
1
...
extremely complex, a dynamical model
3
...
interrelated, a systems approach
8
...
Common words
...
Light illuminated on the left or the right of a computer screen
...
Grey rectangles in front of light rectangles
...
Three-letter nonsense words
...
Strong artificial intelligence is directed at - - - - -
...
a program that simulates natural language processing
2
...
a program that succeeds in passing the Turing test, and can thus be regarded as conscious
4
...
A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they - - - - -
...
do not require attention
2
...
are performed without conscious awareness
4
...
The neuron doctrine is - - - - -
...
2
...
4
...
- - - - - proposes that our perception is influenced by typical members of a category, and that the features of such
typical members are used in the feature matching process
...
A visual delay effect
2
...
Prototype theory
4
...
The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be - - - - 1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
14
...
1
...
Bottom-up processing
3
...
Neural synthesis
15
...
This
theory of unconscious inference was developed by - - - - -
...
Goldstein
2
...
Helmholtz
4
...
The ‘magic number(s),’ according to Miller (1956), is - - - - -
...
7 and 11
2
...
oblique effect
4
...
Your text describes an ‘Italian woman’ who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or
facts she knew before
...
Her memory behaviour reflects
- - - - -
...
intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory
2
...
intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory
4
...
- - - - - occurs when one sensory modality (e
...
hearing) simultaneously triggers another sensory modality (e
...
vision) so that the eventual perception is a composite or merging of two senses
...
Perception
2
...
Sensory overload
4
...
A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with - - - - - memory
...
short-term
2
...
sensory
4
...
In their study on retrieval-based learning, Roediger and Karpicke (2006) found that repeated testing during
practice produced - - - - - initial recall and a - - - - - drop in recall over a week’s time
...
Superior; slow
2
...
Inferior; slow
4
...
The experimental technique that involves removing part of the brain is known as - - - - -
...
brain lesioning
2
...
fMRI
4
...
- - - - - techniques can be used to improve memory recall
...
The phonological similarity effect
2
...
The cocktail party phenomenon
4
...
Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class
...
P
...
When you and
J
...
are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J
...
does
...
1
...
your overloading the phonological loop
3
...
a recency effect
24
...
1
...
mental model
3
...
memory consolidation
25
...
1
...
36
3
...
82
26
...
1
...
the apparent likelihood principle
3
...
the Helmholtz principle
27
...
C
...
His memory behaviour suggests - - - - -
...
intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory
2
...
intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory
4
...
Which of the following brain imaging techniques, discovered in 1980, is now a standard technique for detecting
tumours and other brain abnormalities?
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
29
...
1
...
simplicity
3
...
good figure
30
...
Chomsky
2
...
James
4
...
Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if - - - - -
...
fewer tacks are provided
2
...
the box is empty
4
...
Research in neuroeconomics has found that the function of the - - - - - may be to deal with the cognitive demands of
a given task, while the - - - - - is responsible for handling emotional goals such as resenting an unfair outcome
...
basal ganglia; corpus callosum
2
...
prefrontal cortex; insula
4
...
Funahashi et al
...
These
neurons showed the most intense firing during - - - - -
...
stimulus presentation
2
...
response
4
...
In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your prescribed text identifies the kind of scientists who are most
likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields
...
1
...
structure; experience
3
...
experience; flexibility
5
...
Later, she analyses the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving
techniques
...
1
...
situationally-produced mental set
3
...
in vivo problem-solving
6
...
1
...
familiar object
3
...
object with a specific function
7
...
No artists can be beekeepers, but some of the beekeepers must be chemists
...
All A are B
...
Therefore, all A are C
...
I forgot to charge my cell phone last night, therefore I missed an important call today
...
If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night
...
Autobiographical memory contains both - - - - - and - - - - - components
...
Explicit; implicit
2
...
Semantic; episodic
4
...
According to the review by Baas et al
...
anger
2
...
content
4
...
Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of - - - - -
...
the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus
2
...
the test stimulus being similar in meaning to the priming stimulus
4
...
Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
12
...
They found the - - - - - version to be more effective, because it had - - - - - features in common with the
radiation problem
...
2
...
4
...
- - - - - states that the larger the number of individuals that are randomly drawn from a population, the more
representative the resulting group will be of the entire population
...
Statistical significance
2
...
Study robustness
4
...
The studies by Deeprose et al
...
1
...
the use of propofol and fentanyl
3
...
surgical stimulation
15
...
1
...
sub-goals
3
...
mental sets
16
...
1
...
it always corresponds to events from our past that actually happened
3
...
it involves both explicit and implicit memories
17
...
M
...
1
...
synaptic consolidation
3
...
deep processing
18
...
1
...
long and all on a single day
3
...
long and across several days
19
...
1
...
high levels of neuroticism
3
...
latent inhibition
20
...
Following a story in a book
...
Remembering what he needs to buy when he gets to the grocery store
...
Recognising people he has recently met
...
Identifying a photograph of his childhood home
...
If you are given the information that in order to vote in an election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that
Tim voted in the last election, you can logically conclude that Tim is at least 18 years old
...
1
...
deductive
3
...
descriptive
22
...
1
...
the two premises and the conclusion are true
3
...
there is no more than one exception to the conclusion
23
...
1
...
during the event
3
...
all of these
24
...
This is an example of an - - - - -
...
expected emotion
2
...
integral immediate emotion
4
...
Alice was in her mother-in-law’s kitchen preparing lunch for the family
...
She decided to wait until her mother-inlaw returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot
...
Alice's ability to solve
the ‘dish up the soup’ problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles?
1
...
Perseveration
3
...
Functional fixedness
26
...
Permission schemas
2
...
Social-exchange theory
4
...
A - - - - - string led to a restructured representation in the two-string problem
...
stationary
2
...
knotted
4
...
Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
29
...
1
...
remembering the meaning of some words
3
...
remembering graduating from University
30
...
Your ability to form such a picture in
your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?
1
...
delayed response coding
3
...
the visuospatial sketch pad
2019 - ASSIGNMENT 1 – SEMESTER 1:
1
...
A major reason why they were disappointed with behaviourism is because it - - - - -
...
was a purely empirical approach to psychological research
2
...
did not pay sufficient attention to the observation and measurement of behaviour
4
...
Donder’s (1868) main reasoning for doing a choice reaction time experiment was to study - - - - -
...
sensation
2
...
decision making
4
...
The founder of the first laboratory of scientific psychology was - - - - 1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
4
...
1
...
mental processes
3
...
attention
5
...
From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by - - - - -
...
an inborn biological program
2
...
classical conditioning
4
...
Broadbent was the first person to develop which of the following?
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
7
...
1
...
extended over a long period of time, beginning in the early part of the century, in reaction to Wundt’s introspection
experiments
3
...
part of experimental psychology since the founding of the first psychology laboratory
8
...
1
...
localisation of function
3
...
brain lesioning
9
...
1
...
Terminal buttons
3
...
Action potentials
10
...
1
...
some dendrites, a space, and the receiving membrane on another neuron’s axon
3
...
a complete cell, a space, and another complete cell
11
...
Based on the seriousness of her injuries, the attendant neuropsychologist suspects that one of the
unfortunate consequences of the accident will be impairment in her - - - - -
...
language processing and long-term planning capabilities
2
...
auditory and visual processing
4
...
Early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the
‘nerve net
...
1
...
composed of discrete individual units
3
...
composed of neurotransmitters rather than neurons
13
...
1
...
axon, dendrites, and glands
3
...
transmitters, dendrites, and nodes of Ranvier
14
...
1
...
the structure that contains mechanisms to keep a neuron alive
3
...
the gap that separates two different neurons
15
...
1
...
the faces are of children
3
...
the faces are of people with scars or deformities
16
...
1
...
resistance
3
...
invariance
17
...
’ Surprised, she quickly spat out the liquid because it turned out
the container was filled with orange juice instead
...
1
...
bottom-up processing
3
...
focused attention
18
...
A phrase like ‘I Scream Class Hick’ didn't make
any sense to him
...
’ This
example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of - - - - - in English
...
speech segmentation
2
...
bottom-up processing
4
...
Some perceptions result from assumptions we make about the environment that we are not even aware of
...
Goldstein
...
Gestalt psychologists
...
Helmholtz
...
Gibson
...
The likelihood principle states that - - - - -
...
we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received
2
...
it is easier to perceive vertical and horizontal orientations
4
...
You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of - - - - -
...
2
...
4
...
You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands
...
The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth
...
1
...
similarity
3
...
familiarity
23
...
its capacity
...
its retention duration
...
2
...
4
...
Only (b)
...
Both (a) and (b)
...
Based on psychological theory about memory one would postulate that a student will typically remember about 7
items in this type of memory recall experiment, but student D performed much better than this
...
1
...
the fact that he made extensive use of rehearsal as a strategy
3
...
his use of organisation or ‘chunking’ as a strategy
25
...
1
...
episodic buffer
3
...
visuospatial sketchpad
26
...
A second unrelated task (a filler task) is then completed
...
The results indicate that participants in
general were faster at identifying words from the first list
...
Phonological processing
...
Synesthesia
...
Levels of processing
...
Priming
...
A person who has suffered some sort of brain injury affecting only his or her hippocampus is most likely to show
difficulty with - - - - -
...
the consolidation of encoded information in the long-term store
2
...
retrieval of semantic information
4
...
According to the encoding specificity principle, memory recall is based on an interaction between - - - - -
...
encoding and retrieval
2
...
the level of processing and semantic memory
4
...
Raphael is an amnesic patient
...
When indirectly measured on the same information, Raphael shows signs of learning
...
1
...
(a) recognition memory (b) recall memory
3
...
(a) recall memory (b) recognition memory
30
...
You are shown a set of photos, and you are asked which ones are familiar because you have seen them before
...
You supply free associations more quickly to words you have seen before than to unfamiliar words
...
You are shown some word fragments, and you complete the words more quickly if you have seen them before
...
You dial a familiar phone number more quickly than an unfamiliar phone number
...
Neuropsychology or cognitive psychology textbooks often describe the case of a patient called H
...
, whose
memory was affected by neurosurgery
...
Supporters of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model will cite this case because - - - - 1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
2
...
It helps keep track of the order of learned items
...
It is better at preventing “remembering” details that were never actually present but fit with the meaning of the
items
...
It creates more retrieval paths for the memory
...
It relies less on having background knowledge about the topic being learned
...
According to the - - - - - theory of forgetting, forgetting occurs because new information ultimately displaces old
information in the short-term store
...
decay
2
...
availability
4
...
Marianne won an Olympic gold medal many years ago
...
Which of the following options provides the most appropriate explanation
for her very vivid memory?
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
the person has seen before
...
of familiar places
...
they took themselves
...
the person has never seen before
...
For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for - - - - 9
...
10
...
11
...
12
...
7
...
1
...
family-centred challenges
3
...
transition points
8
...
life in a society gets more complicated and difficult as generations pass
...
memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities
...
people tend to remember more of the positive events in their lives than negative ones
4
...
9
...
Retiring from work at age 40
2
...
Graduating from university at age 22
4
...
The fact that we often remember more emotional than neutral words or pictures in a laboratory memory task has
been attributed to - - - - 1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
11
...
the presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event
...
the presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event
...
the threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself
...
the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event
...
Julia is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top
...
How will Julia retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this
scenario as a problem because - - - - 1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
13
...
reorganization or restructuring
...
multiple goal states
...
sensory operators
...
continuity and form
...
Insight refers to - - - - 1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
15
...
comparing reaction times for insight and non-insight problem tasks
...
asking participants during problem solving to rate how close they think they are to solving the problem
...
asking participants during problem solving to rate the importance of certain problem elements for finding the
solution
...
providing implicit cues to the participants as to how they could solve the problem
...
By providing implicit cues about the solution of an insight problem, Cushen et al
...
more suddenly
...
much slower
...
in a more gradual way
...
in a more original way
...
Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem?
1
...
Two-string problem
3
...
The radiation problem
18
...
seeing more efficient solutions to the problem
...
being able to solve other problems at all
...
understanding why the procedure works successfully
...
discriminating between well- and ill-defined problems
...
People who have practiced mindfulness have been found to solve problems - - - - 1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
20
...
1
...
syllogistic
3
...
connective
21
...
Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in London tomorrow
...
The argument is weak because there is only one specific case
...
The argument is strong because the premise includes scientific evidence
...
The argument is weak because the observation does not consider other cities
...
The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations
...
Jonas and Sophie are out on a date
...
” Jonas's
response illustrates the use of a(n) - - - - 1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
23
...
the availability heuristic
...
illusory correlations
...
selective attention
...
the falsification principle
...
Nick was recounting a fishing tale of the one that got away: “I had a huge tuna on my line
...
The tuna swam away across the pond
...
Nick’s account contains - - - - 1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
25
...
the probability of two events co-occurring is the sum of the probabilities of each event occurring
...
the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone
...
people make decisions based upon both the costs and benefits of the choices
...
people make decisions based upon possible benefits when the choices are framed positively and based upon
possible costs when the choices are framed negatively
...
Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people - - - - 1
...
2
...
3
...
S
...
4
...
27
...
This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker
who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown
...
visual
...
auditory, regardless of the gender of the speaker
...
auditory from a female speaker
...
auditory from a male speaker
...
The validity of a syllogism depends on - - - - 1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
29
...
Permission schemas
2
...
Social-exchange theory
4
...
Iyengar and Lepper (2000) showed that having more choice often leads to - - - - 1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
2019 - SEMESTER 2 – ASSIGNMENT 1
1
...
He builds a 3D model of the human brain, paints
each major structure a different color, and constructs a “map” that shows which functions are controlled by which
brain component
...
1
...
structural
3
...
process
2
...
1
...
behaviourism
3
...
flow diagramming
3
...
people can focus on one message and ignore the other one
...
people can focus on the message they were repeating
...
people take in very little information about the ignored message
...
even deaf individuals process auditory information, even on a non-conscious level
...
The scene of a human sitting at a computer terminal, responding to stimuli flashed on the computer screen, would
most likely be described as depicting a(n) - - - - - experiment
...
information processing
2
...
operant conditioning
4
...
Which of the following does NOT characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition?
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
6
...
g
...
g
...
1
...
the method of savings
3
...
operant conditioning
7
...
It infers mental processes based on objective data
...
It produces results that are too easy to verify
...
It produces consistent results from person to person
...
It requires extensive training
...
Damage to Wernicke’s area is in which lobe of the brain?
1
...
Occipital
3
...
Frontal
9
...
1
...
localization of function
3
...
neural net theory
10
...
occipital lobe
2
...
temporal lobe
4
...
The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with - - - - -
...
Broca’s aphasia
2
...
Prosopagnosia
4
...
The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as - - - - -
...
localization of function
2
...
modularity
4
...
Brain-imaging techniques can determine all of the following EXCEPT - - - - 1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
14
...
1
...
stimuli
3
...
neurons
15
...
1
...
similarity
3
...
continuity
16
...
1
...
oblique effect
3
...
law of good continuation
17
...
1
...
context
3
...
attention
18
...
's (1999) ‘Greeble’ experiment illustrate - - - - 1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
19
...
1
...
what; where
3
...
distance; size
20
...
1
...
landmark discrimination problem
3
...
single dissociation problem
21
...
1
...
inverse projection problem
3
...
fusiform face role
22
...
1
...
top-down
3
...
serial
23
...
1
...
acoustic
3
...
iconic
24
...
1
...
15-30 seconds
3
...
as long as it is rehearsed
25
...
In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive
...
To remember the address, you used a(n) - - - - - process in STM
...
control
2
...
coding
4
...
When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to
observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at
any given time
...
1
...
echoic memory
3
...
top-down processing
27
...
1
...
a smaller response set
3
...
a shorter rehearsal period
28
...
She finds this interesting so she decides to
purposefully test her memory
...
Usually, she checks off each item as
the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists
...
On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 per cent,
and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 per cent
...
This process is called - - - - -
...
anterograde amnesia
2
...
retroactive interference
4
...
29
...
1
...
increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound
3
...
increase the efficiency of short-term memory
30
...
His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him
...
The same thing happens with a second group and a third group
...
A little while later, Lamar
realizes that while he remembers the names of the people in the fourth group, he can no longer recall the names of
anyone he met earlier in the party
...
1
...
retroactive interference
3
...
the partial-report procedure
2019 - SEMESTER 2 – ASSIGNMENT 2
1
...
It is a large storehouse of information, much like a huge university library
...
It is a solid, stable, industrious machine that systematically processes information
...
It is a highly active area in which information is being manipulated and changed
...
It is a movie screen, continuously registering a stream of complex, colourful images
...
Which one of the following is the best example of a specifically explicit memory task?
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
3
...
1
...
primary auditory memory
3
...
pre-perceptual auditory memory
4
...
1
...
the list is followed by a tone
3
...
the list is visually presented
5
...
1
...
decay theory
3
...
lack of attention
6
...
Recognition memory tests
2
...
True or false
4
...
Henry Roediger (1980) conducted a study in which he compared the effect of different memory strategies on recall
...
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
8
...
g
...
g
...
1
...
words concretely connected
3
...
All words would be recalled about equally
9
...
1
...
very quickly forgotten
3
...
not very believable
10
...
1
...
cognitive hypothesis
3
...
reminiscence hypothesis
11
...
1
...
source
3
...
misinformation
12
...
First, she picked up a hand basket for
carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store
...
Then, the cashier put her items in a bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store
...
1
...
script
3
...
schema
13
...
1
...
cryptomnesia
3
...
repeated recall
14
...
Searching
for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher
...
In your search, you have relied on a kitchen - - - - -
...
source memory
2
...
schema
4
...
The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information
presented - - - - -
...
before the event
2
...
after the event
4
...
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation
effect?
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
17
...
1
...
creative cognition
3
...
search
18
...
1
...
goal
3
...
initial
19
...
The
main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that - - - - 1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
20
...
more purchasing and more satisfaction with the chosen alternatives
...
more purchasing but less satisfaction with the chosen alternatives
...
less purchasing and less satisfaction with the chosen alternatives
...
less purchasing but more satisfaction with the chosen alternative
...
All of the students are tired
...
Some of the students are irritable
...
invalid because of the influence of the atmosphere effect
...
invalid because this syllogism does not involve a pragmatic reasoning schema
...
valid because this is indeed a valid syllogism and the logic is apparent
...
valid because this conclusion is believable
...
The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the - - - - -
...
availability heuristic
2
...
belief bias
4
...
Mr Jones always passes back exams to his algebra class in descending order (the highest grade is handed out first)
...
Joy complained, remarking, “Lisa, you always get the highest grade in
algebra
...
” Lisa was not sure if this was correct
...
search her memory for instances when she did get her exam back first and for instances when she did not
...
search her memory for instances when she did not get her exam back first
...
search her memory for instances when she did get her exam back first
...
wait until the next exam is passed back to see if she gets hers back first
...
Which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema?
1
...
2
...
All B are C
...
3
...
4
...
25
...
break up or stay involved with a current girlfriend
...
go out for a University hockey or basketball game
...
buy first class or coach tickets for a spring break trip
...
take astronomy or geology as a physical science elective course
...
Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older
neighbourhood
...
Cecile's emotions are
influenced by - - - - -
...
the principle of diversity
2
...
the framing effect
4
...
Karim works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice
...
His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Karim was told he
could take them if he wanted them
...
Karim's
use of the cartons represents - - - - -
...
convergent thinking
2
...
insight
4
...
According to the review by Baas et al
...
anger
2
...
content
4
...
The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as - - - - -
...
analogical encoding
2
...
insight
4
...
The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT - - - - -
...
initial state
2
...
goal state
4
...
In his theory of forms Plato assumes that there is a ‘true reality’ and he accepts that - - - - -
...
only objects in the physical world are examples of true reality, whereas abstract ideas of objects do not exist
2
...
true reality does not reside in objects of the physical world, but in abstract ideas that the objects represent
4
...
2
...
The behaviour of the goslings in adopting their maternal figure in this
way reflects - - - - - knowledge
...
deductive
2
...
rational
4
...
A researcher wants to establish whether a protein-enriched diet will enhance the maze-running performance of
rats
...
In this experiment, the diet fed to the two groups of rats is the - - - - - variable
...
correlated
2
...
dependent
4
...
Which of the following is a statement with which Skinner and his followers would agree?
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
When on duty, she must remain alert to detect someone having difficulties in
the water or other potentially dangerous situations, despite prolonged periods during which no danger is present
...
1
...
vigilance
3
...
multiple-task processing
6
...
1
...
behaviourist because he formulated the law of effect
3
...
rationalist because he tried to prove the difference between body and mind by rational analysis
7
...
1
...
the findings based on a study conducted in a laboratory will apply outside the lab as well
3
...
the effect of situational changes on the behaviour of organisms in a particular environment can be determined
8
...
Carroll: Three-Stratum Model of Intelligence
2
...
Sternberg: The Triarchic Theory
4
...
9
...
1
...
the fatty white substance covering some axons
3
...
a small gap between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron
10
...
The cerebral cortex is the main lobe of the forebrain
2
...
The cerebral cortex is a one- to three-millimetre-thick layer of grey matter that covers the surface of the brain
4
...
Juan is watching a cricket game
...
1
...
hypothalamus
3
...
pons
12
...
Based on what we know about the functional
specialisation of the brain, we can guess that the drug’s primary effect will be on the (a) - - - - - and (b) - - - - -, because
they are known to play a significant role in anger and aggression
...
(a) basal ganglion (b) hippocampus
2
...
(a) thalamus (b) corpus callosum
4
...
As part of a therapeutic programme to alleviate the suffering of patients suffering from the final stages of cancer,
Dr Dragovitz gives them small dosages of the hallucinogenic drug lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
...
1
...
produce memory problems similar to those that Alzheimer patients suffer from
3
...
result in an increased appetite in some patients
14
...
He cannot see anything
...
What location in the brain most directly enabled him to accomplish what he
attempted?
1
...
the occipital lobe
3
...
the cerebral fissures
15
...
If the patient’s
problem is attributable to brain damage, the damage would probably be found in - - - - -
...
the cerebellum
2
...
Broca’s area in the frontal lobe
4
...
The parietal lobe contains the - - - - -, which is involved in experiencing pressure, texture, temperature, and pain
...
association areas
2
...
primary somatosensory cortex
4
...
A courier service collects information from a location (the source) and then delivers it to another location (the
target) and must perform this task as rapidly as possible
...
1
...
nodes of Ranvier
3
...
myelin sheath
18
...
1
...
(a) spatial (b) verbal
3
...
(a) tactile (b) olfactory
19
...
The fMRI entails that - - - - -
...
the electrical activity in a series of neurons will be measured
2
...
a scanner will record radiation from tissues in the brain
4
...
Evidence that cultural groups with little exposure to roads are less susceptible to the Ponzo illusion and that those
with less exposure to buildings are less susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion suggest that - - - - -
...
not all cultures test perceptual hypotheses
2
...
optical illusions can be experienced only by cultures that have been exposed to the concept of optical illusion
4
...
Our eyes are constantly moving because it is the change in stimulation that leads to accurate perception
...
The Ganzfeld effect
...
It leads to one perceiving just a grey field after a short period
...
Some of the stimuli may disappear after a few minutes so that you no longer perceive them
...
All of the above are true
...
When riding in a car and looking outside the window, we see that the objects closer to us are swirling in the
opposite direction from that of the car, and objects further away appear to swirl in the same direction as that of the
car
...
1
...
interposition
3
...
motion parallax
23
...
1
...
texture gradient
3
...
linear perspective
24
...
1
...
(a) Müller-Lyer illusion (b) same length (c) different lengths
3
...
(a) Müller-Lyer illusion (b) different length (c) same length
25
...
g
...
In this study, participants were asked to identify the individual
components (small letters) or identify the large letter
...
This is known as - - - - -
...
global precedence effect
2
...
macro-identity effect
4
...
The Pandemonium model, which is based on the notion that metaphorical ‘demons’ with specific duties receive
and analyse the features of a stimulus, is an example of a - - - - - theory of form perception
...
Template
2
...
feature-making
4
...
What is the ‘face positivity’ effect in older participants?
1
...
3
...
They are better able to recognize faces that are not distorted
...
They are better able to recognize faces that show a happy emotion
...
28
...
1
...
prototype
3
...
recognition-by-components
29
...
1
...
(a) the where pathway (b) the what pathway
3
...
(a) the trichomatic pathway (b) the opponent process pathway
30
...
1
...
after; before
3
...
before; after
2018 - ASSIGNMENT 2 – SEMESTER 1:
1
...
a
...
its retention duration
1
...
3
...
Only (a)
Only (b)
Neither (a) nor (b)
Both (a) and (b)
2
...
1
...
motivation and mnemonic strategy
3
...
implicit memory and the temporal aspects of recall
3
...
Reconstructive stage of sleep
2
...
Stage 4
4
...
After a test, Jill identified and then learned the information that she had forgotten for the test
...
Jill has discovered the concept of - - - 1
...
subsequent refinement
3
...
permastore
5
...
Central executive
2
...
Phonological loop
4
...
Participants in an experiment read over a list of words
...
For
the final task, participants rate letter strings as words or non-words
...
This facilitation in response to those items from the first task is an
example of - - - - -
...
phonological processing
2
...
levels of processing
4
...
The expression ‘You can't teach an old dog new tricks’ would support which theory of forgetting?
1
...
Retroactive interference
3
...
Recency effect
8
...
1
...
A network
3
...
Sensory store
9
...
Select the most appropriate description of the results of his study from the options below
...
In a serial recall condition, the use of imagery and the elaborative rehearsal of verbal items were more effective than
the use of a mnemonic strategy such as the method of loci
...
The use of interactive imagery was the most effective aid to recall in the immediate recall condition of the practice
criterion, but not in the immediate recall condition of the serial-recall criterion
...
In the free recall criterion, the use of interactive imagery involving the construction of associations from one item to
the next was the most effective method in the immediate recall condition, and also in recall following a 24 hour
delay in the serial-recall criterion
...
Training in the use of the method of loci and pegword system did not have any effect on the amount that the
subjects recalled
...
An investigator asks some participants to count the numbers of letters in each of the names on a long list of
Russian rivers
...
She asks still other participants to place the river on a map and to observe into which larger
body of water it flows
...
Interference theory
2
...
Pavio’s dual coding theory
4
...
Enhanced vividness and perceptual detail of our recollections has been associated with - - - - -
...
the person’s metacognitive skills
2
...
cognitive maturity
4
...
This specific ‘sin’ from Schacter’s ‘seven memory sins’ is illustrated by the example of someone who has
information ‘on the tip of his or her tongue,’ but is unable to retrieve it
...
Transience
2
...
Persistence
4
...
All of the following statements describe assumptions of an early model of decision making, the ‘economic man
and woman,’ except one
...
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
14
...
Subjective utility
2
...
Conditional probability
4
...
A rating based on an individual’s personal assessment of value is called - - - - - utility
...
subjective
2
...
conditional
4
...
The following is an example of a(n) - - - - -: All animals breathe
...
Therefore, all humans
breathe
...
if-then statement
2
...
illicit conversion
4
...
Satisficing makes it more difficult for people to make fully rational decisions because, in satisficing, - - - - -
...
we consider the additional variable of an incentive, or reward, in the decision-making process
2
...
we often become irrational and unable to make a well-reasoned decision
4
...
Having just solved a problem (Question 1
...
3) using exactly the same technique that he used for the previous question, but finds that he is not making any
progress
...
3
...
3?
1
...
Functional fixedness
3
...
Positive transfer
19
...
Which one of the following statements best describes that relationship?
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
20
...
Thus, problem-solvers
for insight problems lack an incremental increase in terms of predicting success of finding a solution
...
The Neo-Gestaltist view
2
...
The three-process view
4
...
This iterative method of problem solving involves reducing the difference between your current state and your
goal state
...
Global planning
2
...
Means-ends analysis
4
...
Which one of the following is false regarding deductive and inductive reasoning?
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
23
...
1
...
modus tollens argument
3
...
a categorical syllogism
24
...
From this information a student infers: This person is not a cognitive psychologist
therefore he does not know how to do experimental research
...
(a) invalid (b) denial of the antecedent
2
...
(a) valid (b) modus ponens
4
...
The conditional proposition is ‘If it is a chair then it is a piece of furniture
...
The inference made is that it is not a piece of furniture
...
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
26
...
1
...
modus tollens; modus ponens
3
...
modus ponens; consequent
27
...
Suddenly, alarms sound, people scream, and Mark see the same
man run out of the bank carrying a gun and a bag of money
...
1
...
syllogistic schema
3
...
pragmatic reasoning schema
28
...
These are - - - - -
...
physical prowess and sociability
2
...
cost-benefit relationships and cheater detection
4
...
With syllogisms there are some combinations from which one is unable to ‘draw logically valid conclusions
...
1
...
Two particular affirmative statements
3
...
One universal negative statement and one particular affirmative statement
30
...
1
...
guiding principle or ‘rule of thumb’ used in problem solving
3
...
way of making a compensatory decision
31
...
’ This is an example of - - - - -
...
reasoning by analogy
2
...
social exchange schema
4
...
‘Often, when you’re faced with a contradiction, it does no good to sit at your desk doing calculations - you just go
round and round in circles
...
This statement by
Weinberg illustrates to the concept of - - - - - in problem solving
...
positive transfer
2
...
incubation
4
...
Suppose you want to test whether an artificial intelligence program has managed to pass the Turing test
...
2
...
4
...
Explain whether it is ethical for one species to enslave members of another?
34
...
1
...
ability of computer systems to successfully mimic the language use of ordinary people
3
...
ability of artificial systems to develop humanlike thinking and language abilities
35
...
1
...
The General Problem Solver
3
...
Expert systems