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Improve Your English
ALPHABET
Alphabet: A set of letters or symbols in a fixed order to represent the speech sounds of a
language
...


A
N

B
O

C
P

D
Q

E
R

F
S

G
T

H
U

I
V

J
W

K
X

L
Y

M
Z

Letter: A symbol that represents one or more of the sounds used in speech
...
Vowel 2
...
Semi Vowel
 Vowel: A speech sound that is produced by comparatively open configuration of vocal
tract and which is capable of forming a syllable
...
B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X, Z
 Semi vowel: A speech sound that performs the functions of both vowel and consonant
...

Unvoiced Letter: A letter that doesn’t create any vibration in vocal cords while speaking
...
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d

Z
( There)
(Vision)
(Jam, Lounge)
(Sing, Ink)

...
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INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (IPA)
IPA: It is a system for representing phonetic sounds with symbols
...
In short, IPA is a method of representing the letters in a word as a sound
...


Vowels (Short)
IPA
I
Ʊ
^
Ə
℮ or Ɛ
‘æ

Vowels (Long)

As in
Sit, Fish, Lip
Pull, Good, Foot
Mug, Duck
Hot, Shop, Stop
amount, Cinema
Red, Dead
Cat, Fat
Mother

IPA
i:
u:
a:
ɔ:
ɜ:(r)*

As in
Tree, Green, Sheep, Cheap
Shoe, Food
Arm, Car
Door, Four
Girl, Prefer

Girl
Note: (r) means the final “r” sounds only if the next word starts with a vowel
...
(Pronounce final “r” sound of prefer)
I prefer pears
...

IPA
As in
r
IƏ
ear, beer
r
ƱƏ
pure, tourist
aI
My, five
ɔI
boy, choice
ƏƱ
go, joke
r
℮Ə / ƐƏ
there, chair
aƱ
now, lounge
℮I
they, say
OƱ
Nose

TRIPHTHONGS
A sound formed by the combination of three vowel sounds in a single syllable
...
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a:IƏ
ƐIƏ
IƏ

Fire, Lion
Player
Loyal

CONSONANTS (UNVOICED AND VOICED PAIR)
Unvoiced/ Voiceless
IPA
P
T
tʃ
K
F
Ꮎ
S
ʃ

Voiced

As in
apple, stop
tree, want
chair, teacher
cat, walk
fish, if
think, both
stop, fast
she, fish

IPA
B
D
d
G
V
Z

As in
bad, beer
door, food
joke, lounge
green, dog
vote, five
they, mother
zoo, noise
pleasure, vision

OTHER CONSONANTS
IPA
M
N

As in
man, money
never, ten
king, ring
love, pull
red, tree
want, window
yes, yellow

L
R
W
J

...
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SILENT LETTERS
Silent Letters: The letters which are not pronounced while reading or speaking
...

As in after M: Jamb (‫ ,)دروازے کی چوکھٹ‬Lamb, Comb, Tomb
As in before T: Subtle (‫ ,)باریک، نازک، چاالک، پیچیدہ‬Doubt
 The letter ‘C’ is silent when used before the letter ‘Z’ and sometimes when used before
the letter ‘L’ and ‘K’
As in before Z: Czar (‫ ,)شہنشاہ روس‬Czarina (‫ ,)ملکہ روس‬Czechoslovakia
As in before L: Muscle
As in before K: Black, Block, Puck (‫ ,)بھوت‬Cock
 The letter ‘D’ is silent when it appears before ‘N’ and ‘G’
...

As in before N: Deign (‫ ,)عنائت کرنا‬Reign
As in before M: Diaphragm (‫)پردہ شکم‬
As in before L: Intaglio (‫)کندہ کیا ہوا ڈیزئن‬
 The letter ‘H’ is silent in the following cases
...
When it comes after the end of the word and follows a vowel
...
When it comes after the letter R
...
When it comes after the letters ‘ex’
...
When it comes between two vowels
...
Some miscellaneous words
...

As in: Knee, Know, Knock, Knife, Knight (‫ ,)پہلوان، بہادر‬Knot
 The letter ‘L’ is often doesn’t when it comes before the word K
...

As in: Autumn, Damn, Column, Hymn (‫)حمد‬
{M
...

As in: Psalm (‫ ,)مناجات، ترانہ‬Psychology, Psychiatry (‫ ,)دماؼی امراض کا عالج‬Psyche
 The letter ‘R’ is usually not pronounced when it comes after a consonant
...

 Silent Vowels:
ACADEMIC (‫ ,)درسی، تعلیمی‬ACCURATE, AVERAGE, BASICALLY, BAVERAGE (‫,)مشروب‬
BUSINESS, CATHOLIC, CHOCOLATE, DIAMOND, DIAPER, DIFFERENT, EVENING, EVERY,
FAMILY, HERE, INTEREST, INTERESTING, LITERATURE, OPERA (‫,)موسیقی کے ساتھ اداکاری‬
PRACTICALLY, PRIVATE, SEVERAL, TEMPERATURE, UNFORTUNATELY, VEGETABLE,
WEDNESDAY

...
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ENGLISH GRAMMAR (TERMS)
Language: A system of communication used by a particular country or community is called
Language
...

Informal Language: The ordinary and casual language is called Informal Language
...

Grammar: The system and structure of a language consisting of syntax and morphology is called
Grammar
...

Morphology: The study of inflections and other forms of words is called Morphology
...

Orthography: The conventional spelling system of al language is called Orthography
...

Letter: A symbol that represents one or more of the sounds used in a speech is called Letter
...
A, E, I, O

Consonant: A speech sound in which the breath is at least partly obstructed and which needs a vowel
to form a syllable
...
U, W, Y

Word: A meaningful combination of different letters, as in letters A, R and M forms a word => ARM
Syllable: A unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound with or without surrounding
consonants is called Syllable
...

Sentence: A meaningful combination of different words is called Sentence, as in I like apples
...

Predicate: The part of a sentence which tells something about subject is called Predicate, as in
John lives in London
...

Phrase: A combination of different words that has a meaning but not a complete sense is called
Phrase, as in on the floor, in the air, wearing white dress
...


...
Prepositional Phrase: This phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or
pronoun, as in by the ocean, near the window, over the cabinet etc
...


{M
...
I
...
1
...
(Defines ‘the book’)

...
Something in the corner of the desk was moving
...
II
...
It answers the questions: How, when, where, how
much, as in

...
The customer came with many questions
...
2
...
(When did they arrive?)

...
She lost her wallet at the mall
...
4
...
(How much does he watch?)

...
Appositives: It is noun or pronoun that renames another noun or pronoun
...
1
...
(‘A self-absorbed whiner’ renames the noun
‘John’)

...
Lisa, a self-possessed lady, entered the room right after me
...
3
...
It is in three types,
participle, gerund, and infinitive
...
a
...

It has two types
...
Present Participle: All present participles end in –ing: as in

...
The laughing child
...
The boiling water
...
The falling temperature
2
...
1
...
2
...
3
...
b
...
1
...
2
...


...
Her hobby is teaching
...
c
...
1
...
2
...

Note: After a model verb ‘to’ of infinitive is omitted, as in

...
I will go to London next week
...
2
...

Clause: A group of words consisting of a subject and a finite verb, as in David plays football
...


...
Independent/ Main/ Principal Clause: A clause that makes a good sense and stands by itself
is called Independent Clause, as in We live in England
...
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...
Dependent/ Subordinate Clause: A clause that does not make a good sense and does not
stand by itself is called Dependent Clause, as in This is the house, where we live
...
Assertive/ Declarative Sentence: A sentence that tells about an action or event that has
taken place or not or a state of being is called Assertive Sentence, as in

...
I live in Pakistan
...
He did not eat an apple
...
She is a teacher
...
Imperative Sentence: A sentence that contains an order, advice or request is called
Imperative Sentence, as in

...
Open the door
...
2
...
(Request)
...
Always speak truth
...
Interrogative Sentence: A sentence that asks a question is called Interrogative
Sentence, as in

...
Who knocked at the door?
...
Where do you live?
...
How are you?
...
Do you like apples?
4
...
as in

...
Hurrah! We have won the match
...
2
...
(Sorrow)

...
What a beautiful scene! (Wonder)
5
...
1
...
2
...
3
...

Classification of the sentence (On the basis of their structure)
1
...

2
...
(Coordinate Conjunctions = and, but, so, for, or, nor, yet) as
in
He wrote a letter and posted it
...
Complex Sentence: A complex sentence contains one independent and one or more
dependent clauses
...

(Subordinate Conjunction = after, although, because, since, when) and (Relative
Pronouns = that, which, who) as in
I cannot come to school because I am suffering from fever
...
Compound and Complex Sentence: A compound and complex sentence contains two or
more independents clauses and one or more dependents clauses, as in
He took a bus and went to school because his bicycle was broken down
...
There
are eight parts of speech in English
...
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Noun: The name of a person, place, thing or an abstract idea is called Noun, as in boy, chair,
street, happiness, John
...

1
...
It has two types
...

(ii)
Uncountable Noun: A noun that we cannot is called Uncountable Noun as in Air,
Fire, Water, Stars, Sand etc
...
Proper Noun: The name of a specific/ particular person, place or thing is called Proper
Noun as in John, Julia, London, Afridi’s bat
...
Collective Noun: A collection of things or group of persons is called Collective Noun as in
Army, Furniture, Herd, Flock etc
...
Concrete/ Material Noun: A name of a substance from with; other things are made is
called Material Noun as in wheat, milk, iron, gold etc
...
Abstract Noun: The name of a quality, action, state or feeling is called Abstract Noun, as
in honesty, bravery, love, hate, youth etc
...

Antecedent: The noun in whose place pronoun is used is called Antecedent
...

In this sentence the noun ‘boy’ is antecedent and ‘he’ is pronoun
...
1
...
They can be divided into two classes
...
A
...
(I, we, you, he, she, it, they) as in

...
I went to market on bicycle
...
He likes apples
...
B
...
(me, us,
you, him, her, it, them) as in

...
My mother gave me ten dollars
...
I wrote him a letter
...
The first person pronouns are I and We
...
The second person pronoun is You
...
The third person pronouns are He, She, It and
They
...
2
...
(My, our, your, his, her, its, their) as in

...
This is my pen/ This pen is mine
...
Your pen has stolen
...
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...
Reflexive Pronouns: These pronouns refer back to the subject of the clause or sentence
...
1
...
2
...


...
John killed himself
...
4
...
As in

...
I opened the door myself
...
He himself should go to the doctor
...
5
...

(this, that, these those) as in

...
This is my book
...
2
...


...
Interrogative Pronouns: These pronouns are used only in reference to a question
...
) as in

...
Whose pen is this?
...
Who is that girl?
...
What fruit do you like?
...
By whom the door was
opened?

...
Relative Pronouns: These pronouns are used to connect information to nouns or other
pronouns
...
) as in

...
This is the boy who saved me
...
This is the house where John lives
...
8
...
(One, One’s,
all, none, some, somebody, everybody, nobody, few, every, many, any, several, either, neither
etc
...
1
...
2
...


...
Either of you will do it
...
Julia is liked by all
...
9
...
(each
other, each other’s, one another, one another’s etc
...
1
...
2
...

Adjective: A word that describes a noun or pronoun is called an Adjective, as in pretty doll, tall
boy, young girl
...
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Types of Adjectives:

...
Descriptive Adjectives/ Adjectives of Quality: These adjectives describe the quality of the
noun or pronoun, as in
Brown dog, big kitchen, pretty girl

...
Proper Adjectives: These adjectives are derived from proper nouns, as in
Russian salad, French leave, European car

...
Limiting/ Demonstrative Adjectives: These adjectives restrict the meaning of the word they
modify, as in

...
Do not drive that car
...
Clean this room
...
Divide these apples in the kids
...
I hate such an
attitude
...
4
...
1
...
2
...
3
...
5
...
1
...
2
...
3
...


...
Quantitative Adjectives: These adjectives are used to tell about the quantity or magnitude
of a thing
...
) as in

...
There is some milk in this glass
...
He has lost the whole wealth
...
There is enough food for
us
...
7
...
(one, two, first, second, all, some, many etc
...
1
...
2
...
3
...


...
Distributive Adjectives: These adjectives show that the things are taken separately
...
) as in

...
Each pen costs five rupees
...
Every person was quiet in the meeting
...
9
...
(My, our, your, his, her, its, their)

...
My book is on the table
...
Where is your bike?
Order of Adjectives: The order of the adjectives depends mainly on the meaning
...


...
Quantifier: my, a, an, the, this, those, one, two, few, firs, last etc
...
2
...


...
Size: Large, small, long, tall, short etc
...
4
...


...
Shape: round, square, flat, wide etc
...
6
...


...
Participle form: running, missing, increasing, boiled, covered etc
...
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...
Origin: British, American, Pakistani, Indian etc
...
9
...


...
Type: Human, chemical, electric, etc
...
11
...

Note: This order is not absolute
...
1
...
1
...
2
...


...
Comparative Degree: This degree is used to compare two nouns or pronouns, as in

...
Mike is taller than I
...
He is superior to me
...
David is cleverer than Franklin
...
3
...
1
...
2
...

Simple Degree
Comparative Degree
Superlative Degree
Good
Better
Best
Bad
Worse
Worst
Tall
Taller
Tallest
Beautiful
More beautiful
Most beautiful
Verb: a word that describes an action, state or occurrence is called Verb as in be, have, play,
eat, sleep
...

1
...

She likes apple
...

Ali lives in Pakistan
2
...
It works as a noun or adjective in the sentence, as in
I like to eat apple
...

We love to sing song
...

She ate a boiled egg
...

3
...
1
...
(cricket = object)
...
She writes a letter
...
Intransitive Verb: A verb that does not need an object to complete the sense is called
Intransitive Verb, as in

...
She laughs
...
John is crying
...
Ergative/ Ambi-Transitive Verb: A verb that is used both as transitive and intransitive
verb is called Ergative Verb, as in
{M
...
1
...
(Intransitive)
...
She is boiling an egg
...

A) Agentive Ambi-transitive Verb:
 He speaks loudly
...

B) Patientive Ambi-transitive Verb:
 The birds fly in the air
...

 The sun shines
...

 The egg is boiling
...

6
...
IT has four types
...
1
...
2
...
3
...
They also don’t need any auxiliary verb except ‘has’
have’
...
4
...
Action Verb: A verb that describes an action that we can really start and stop whenever
we want is called Action Verb
...
State Verb: A verb that describes a state or mental thought that we cannot really start
and stop whenever we want is called State Verb
...
Linking Verb/ Copular Verb/ Copula: A verb that indicates, describes or classifies the
subject is called Linking Verb as in I am a boy
...
Lexical Verb: The actual and main verb of the sentence is called Lexical Verb, as in
Subject
Auxiliary Verb
Lexical Verb
Object
She
Is
writing
A letter
...
Delexical/ Empty Verb: When we make action verb as a noun (object) and use
additional verb as an action verb, that additional verb is called Delexical/ Empty Verb, as
in have, take, give, make, go, do etc
...

We often have a swim in the pool
...

They take bath daily in the evening
...

She goes for a walk in the park
...

He made a decision to go to London
...

She is making a noise
...

I am doing ironing
...

She gave a smile at my joke
...
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12
...

I made him polish my shoes
...
(Request/ asked) He helped me to write the essay
...
(Gave
permission
13
...
Irregular Verb: A verb that does not have ‘d’ or ‘ed’ in its past and past participle form is
called Irregular Verb, as in
Present
Past
Past
Present
Past
Past
Participle
Participle
Run
Ran
Run
Cast
Cast
Cast
Dig
Dug
Dug
Sing
Sang
Sung
Adverb: A word that describes a verb, an adjective or another adverb is called Adverb, as in
He runs fast
...
(describing adverb)
He has got a very beautiful car
...
1
...


...
Adverbs of Place: These adverbs are used to tell about the place where an action is being
done
...
(Here, there, upstairs, downstairs, outside,
inside, near, far etc
...
1
...
2
...


...
Adverbs of Time: These adverbs are used to tell about the time of an action
...
(Ago, before, now, then, already, since, for, daily, today, yesterday
etc
...
1
...
2
...


...
Adverbs of Manner: These adverbs are used to tell about the way or manner in which an
action is done
...
1
...
2
...
3
...


...
Adverbs of Degree: These adverbs tell us how much, to what extent, or in what degree an
action is done
...
(very, too, much, quite, hardly,
enough, so, partly, fully, scarcely etc
...
1
...
2
...
3
...

{M
...
v
...
(Never, often, seldom, always, once, twice, again, frequently etc
...
1
...
2
...
3
...


...
Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation: These adverbs tell that some action is done or not
done
...
) as in

...
He did not come
...
I will certainly help you
...
Perhaps you are right
...
vii
...
(so, therefore, likewise, consequently, accordingly, etc
...
1
...
2
...


...
Interrogative Adverbs: These adverbs are used to ask questions about time, place, number,
manner, quality or state, quantity, degree, cause, reason etc
...
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
3
...
1
...
2
...

Preposition: A word that links a noun or pronoun to other words is called Preposition, as in
On, in, at, into, onto, up, beneath, under etc
...

Types of conjunctions: There are three types of conjunctions
...
1
...
(and,
but, for, or, nor, also) as in

...
I got up early in the morning, got ready and went to college
...
2
...


...
Subordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions join a principal clause with its subordinate
clause
...
) as in

...
He could not go to school because he was ill
...
He joined me after leaving the hall
...
3
...
or,
neither…
...
and, not only…
...
when, as soon…
...
as in

...
Either you or Bob broke the vase
...
He is not only bad but also mean
...


Determiner: A word that determines the kind of reference of a noun is called Determiner as in
My brother, A cat, The flag, His mother
...


{M
...
The tense of a verb
shows the time and the degree of continuance or completeness of an action or event
...
Present 2
...
Future
1
...


...
We go to school by bus
...
2
...
(Permanent state)

...
We play cricket in the evening
...
4
...
(Universal truth)

...
The door opens, and the emperor Jahangir enters the court
...
Present Continuous Tense: This tense is used to tell about a temporary action that is
happening now or is going on with intervals
...


...
I am playing cricket
...
2
...

3
...
In this tense time of start is known
...
1
...
2
...

4
...


...
I have eaten an apple
...
She already has taken tea
...
I have been to London three times
...
Past Simple Tense: This tense is used to tell about an action that has done at a definite
time
...
1
...
2
...
3
...


...
We watched a movie yesterday
...
Past Continuous Tense: This tense is used to tell about a temporary action that was
happening in past or was going on with intervals
...
1
...
2
...

7
...


...
Robert had been working in this bank since 2005
...
Julia had been cooking food for a long
time
...
Past Perfect Tense: This tense is used to tell about an action that had done in past or an
indefinite time
...
1
...
2
...

9
...


...
It will probably rain tonight
...
I hope he will pass the test
...
I will go to Lahore coming
Sunday
...
Future Continuous Tense: This tense is used to tell about an action that will be in
progress at a specific time in future
...
1
...
2
...

{M
...
Future Perfect Continuous Tense: This tense is used to tell about an action that will
have started, continued for some time and will still be in progress in the future
...
1
...

12
...


...
We will have left for restaurant by midnight
...
There are three
moods of verb in English
...
Indicative Mood: The Indicative Mood of the verb simply describes (1) the facts
(positive and negative statement) and (2) ask questions
...
1
...
2
...
3
...
Imperative Mood: The Imperative Mood of the verb expresses (1) a direct command
(order), (2) request, (3) warning and (4) advice
...
1
...
(Order)
...
Be careful
...
3
...
(Warning)
...
Please wait here
...
Subjunctive Mood: The Subjunctive Mood of the verb expresses (1) a wish (Pray, curse),
(2) an action under a condition, (3) a command or request that requires a base or main
verb
...
1
...
(Wish)
...
May success be yours! (Wish)
...
If you work hard, you will
pass
...
4
...
m
...
1
...
2
...

Note: After a model verb ‘to’ of infinitive is omitted, as in

...
I will go to London next week
...
You should work hard day and night
...
1
...
2
...
3
...

Participle: a participle is a form of verb used as an adjective to modify nouns and pronouns
...

3
...
1
...
2
...
3
...
Past Participle: All past participle are third form of the verbs: as in

...
Boiled egg
...
Tired man
...
hidden charges
Voice: Voice is the form of verb which shows whether the subject act or is acted upon
...

Passive Voice: The mood of verb in which the subject of the sentence is being acted upon, as in
Cricket is played in this ground
...
’
{M
...

Reported Speech: The actual words of the speaker are called Reported Speech
...
’
Reporting Speech
Reported Speech
Indirect Speech/ Indirect Narration: The way of speech in which actual words of the speaker
are spoken in our own words is called Indirect Speech, as in
He told (that) he was ill
...
As in Replay, disunity
Suffix: A letter or group of letters added at the end of a word to make a new word is called
Suffix
...

Synonym: A word or phrase that means same as another word or phrase in the same language
is called Synonym, as in Shut = Close,
Antonym: A word opposite in the meaning to another word is called Antonym as in Day is the
antonym of Night
...
It has three types
...
Initialism: An abbreviation consisting of initial letters pronounced separately is called
Initialism, as in Masters in Arts = MA, Bachelor in Business Administration = BBA, BBC =
British Broadcasting Corporation etc
...
Contraction: A word or group of words resulting from contracting an original form is
called Contraction, as in I am = I’m, He has = He’s, Mister = Mr
...

3
...

Scanning: Scanning means looking at a text to find some particular information
...
It is the
opposite of the literal language
...
Following are some important figures of speech
...
Simile: A simile compares two unlike things using ‘as’ or ‘like’, as in
John is growing like a weed
...
(Hair is compared with sun)
{M
...
Metaphor: A metaphor compares two unlike things directly without using ‘as’ or ‘like’,
as in
She is an angel
...
(Life is compared with race)
3
...
It provides entertainment and insight
...

4
...
(Star => non-human thing, wink => human action)
The flowers were dancing
...
(Sun => non-human thing, smile => human action)
5
...
(Eating horse => Hyperbole)
They ran faster than lightning
...
Denotation: Denotation is the real literal or dictionary meaning of the word, as in
Fat => Overweight, Notorious => Infamous
7
...
Metonymy: A word, name or expression used as a substitute for something else with
which it is closely associated, as in
Palace shocked by secret photos
...
(ICC => chairman and directors of International Cricket
Council)
9
...
(England => English cricket team)
Check out my new wheels
...
Euphemism: A word or phrase that replaces a word or phrase to make it polite or
pleasant, as in
Passed away instead of died
...

11
...
As in
Honesty is the best policy
...

12
...
(Kick the bucket => die)
{M
...
(kith and kin => relative)
13
...
It usually based on
sensory details, as in
The sweet scent of vanilla had met us as she opened the door
...

14
...

15
...
As in
Sir Peter is the Hitler of the college
...
Onomatopoeia: Onomatopoeia is a word that intimates a sound
...

17
...
As in
I jumped joyfully just as he opened the door
...

Awful Alice ate ants
...
Consonance: The repetition of consonant sound in the middle or at the end of the word
...

19
...
As in
Fleet feet sweep by sleeping geese
...
Oxymoron: A combination of contradictory or incongruous words
...
Pun: A word or phrase used in a way that gives it a funny twist
...
They are already stuffed
...
Irony: The use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning
...

It has three types, (1) Dramatic Irony (2) Verbal Irony (3) Situational Irony
23
...
(Not bad => Good) This is not wrong
...
Cliché: A word or phrase that has become very familiar
...

25
...
As in
She dreamt of having a maid, a car and a bungalow
...
Apostrophe: Addressing someone or something that is absent, abstract or inanimate, as
in John says to his late friend James, ‘I miss you James
...


{M
...
‪the rejected‬‬
‫‪In the name of Allah, the most beneficent the‬‬
‫
...
‪Allah is the greatest‬‬
‫
...
‪May Allah be pleased with him/her‬‬
‫
...
‪Praise be to Allah‬‬
‫
...
‪Allah Almighty is the gracious‬‬
‫
...
Or Andrew‬‬
‫
...
‪May his soul rest in peace‬‬
‫
...
‪May Allah make me such as you like‬‬
‫
...
‪May success be yours‬‬
‫
...
‪May Allah bless you with a good health‬‬
‫
...
‪returning‬‬
‫
...
Mubashar‬‬

!‫کتنی لمبی چھوڑتے ہو‬
!‫چل بھاگ‬

What a load of crap!
Buzz off!

Set-4
‫آج مطلع ابر آلود ہے۔‬
‫آج کافی سردی ہے۔‬
‫صبح سے بوندا باندی ہو رہی ہے۔‬
‫مری میں اولے پڑ رہے ہیں۔‬
‫آج تو بہت گرمی ہے۔‬
‫جوالئے میں موسال دھار بارش ہوا کرتی ہے۔‬
‫آج مئی کی اٹھارہ تاریخ ہے۔‬
‫آج ہفتہ ہے۔‬
‫اٹھو، آٹھ بج گئے ہیں۔‬
‫یہ میرا بھائی تھا جس نے پہال انعام جیتا۔‬

It’s cloudy today
...

It has been drizzling since morning
...

It’s so hot today
...

It’s 18 of May
...

Get up, It’s 8 o’clock now
...


Set-5
What’s the time? Or Do you have Time? Or
What time is it? Or Have you got the time?
It’s twenty past five by my watch
...

It’s ten to three
...

It’s quarter to five
...

It’s quarter past six
...

It’s half past eight
...

Your watch is out of order
...

Your watch is five minutes behind of the time
...

Move ahead
...

Let me study
...

Nice to meet you
...

Try this shirt
...

Zip up your pants
...

{M
...


Set-7
‫یہ مکان کرائے کے لئے خالی ہے۔‬
‫مکان خالی کرو۔‬
‫مالک مکان کرائے دار سے مکان خالی کروا رہا ہے۔‬

This house is to let
...

Landlord is making his tenant vacate this
house
...

Better late than never
...

No through fair
...

The road is under construction
...

Use an alternative way
...

We should get up early in the morning
...

He should have called me
...

We must obey the law
...

You must not waste your time
...

We may go to London day after tomorrow
...


‫ہمیں بڑوں کا احترام کرنا چاہیئے۔‬
‫ہمیں صبح سویرے اٹھنا چاہیئے۔‬
‫ہمیں آدھی آدھی رات تک نہیں جاگنا چاہیئے۔‬
‫اسے مجھے فون کرنا چاہیئے تھا۔‬
‫تمھیں اس کا دل نہیں دکھانا چاہیئے تھا۔‬
‫ہمیں الزمی قوانین کی پابندی کرنی چاہیئے۔‬
‫ہمیں اپنے وطن کے لئے زندگیاں قربان کرنی چاہیئیں۔‬
‫تمھیں اپنا وقت ضائع نہیں کرنا چاہیئے۔‬
‫شاید شام کو بارش ہو۔‬
‫شاید ہم پرسوں لندن جائیں۔‬
‫شاید آج مہمان آ جائیں۔‬

Set-9
He is making me laugh
...

Get the room swept
...

We are not on speaking terms
...

We are not on dealings term with him
...

Don’t eat stale food
...
Mubashar 0302 76 76 143, 0321 780 60 25}

‫وہ مجھے ہنسا رہا ہے۔‬
‫میں اپنے بال کٹوا رہا ہوں۔‬
‫کمرے کی صفائی کرواؤ۔‬
‫میری امی مجھے رات کو باہر جانے نہیں دیتیں۔‬
‫ہماری بول چال بند ہے۔‬
‫ہمارا آنا جانا بند ہے۔‬
‫ہمارا اس سے لین دین نہیں ہے۔‬
‫مطلبی دوستوں سے خبردار رہو۔‬
‫باسی کھانا مت کھائو۔‬
‫کیا تم کبھی لندن گئے ہو؟‬
Page 24

‫میں تین بار لندن گیا ہوں؟‬

I’ve been to London thrice (Three times)
...

My uncle likes light tea
...

Since when have you been standing here?
I have been waiting for you for a long time
...

Get this man out
...


‫کیا آپ میرے ساتھ چائے کا ایک کپ پینا پسند کریں گے؟‬
‫اسے تیز چائے اور مجھے روزمرہ کی چائے پسند ہے۔‬
‫میرے انکل کو ہلکی پتی والی چائے پسند ہے۔‬
‫جو ہو گیا سو ہو گیا۔‬
‫تم کب سے یہاں کھڑے ہو؟‬
‫میں کافی دیر سے تمھارا انتظار کر رہا ہوں۔‬
‫میں ابھی تک تمھارا انتظار کر رہا ہوں۔‬
‫اس آدمی کو باہر نکالو۔‬
‫کیا تم میرا ایک کام کرو گے؟‬
‫سمجھیں آپ کا کام ہو گیا۔‬

Set-11
The shop will remain opened from 9 AM to 9 PM
...

Keri gets a handsome salary
...

He deals in sugar
...

I’m not on dealing with him
...

There was boom in market last year
...

He salivates when he talks
...

Ed is sneezing
...

He belches after eating food
...

He is blind by one eye
...

Gabby is as pretty as Barbie
...
Mubashar 0302 76 76 143, 0321 780 60 25}

‫ایڈم لومڑ کی طرح چاالک ہے۔‬
‫گیبی باربی کی طرح خوبصورت ہے۔‬
Page 25

‫لیسا پری کی طرح پیاری ہے۔‬
‫اس کی شریک حیات بہت اچھی ہیں۔‬
‫یہ آدمی بے اوالد ہے۔‬
‫اس کے بال گھنگریالے ہیں۔‬
‫کیا تمھیں انگلش بولنی آتی ہے؟‬
‫مجھے تیرناآتا ہے۔‬
‫برائے مہربانی ایک منٹ ہولڈ کیجیئے۔‬
!‫کاش میں ایک بادشاہ ہوتا‬

Lisa is as cute as a fairy
...

This man is issueless
...

Do you know how to speak English?
I know how to swim
...

Would that I were a king!

Set-14
‫ڈاکٹر مریض کی نبض دیکھ رہا ہے۔‬
‫اس کا آپریشن ہو رہا ہے۔‬
‫اس نے ایک پیارے سے بچے کو جنم دیا۔‬
‫وہ ابھی تک بے ہوش ہے۔‬
‫کیا اب مریض ہوش میں ہے؟‬
‫کیا تمھیں تھرما میٹر دیکھنا آتا ہے؟‬
‫ڑاکٹر مرض کی تشخیص کر رہا ہے۔‬
‫اس کے جسم میں ملیریا کی عالمات نہییں پایئں گیئں۔‬

The doctor is feeling the pulse of patient
...

She brought forth a cute baby
...

Is the patient in his sense now?
Do you know how to read thermometer
...

Symptoms of Malaria were not found in his
body
...


‫ہیپاٹائٹس کی کیا عالمات ہیں؟‬
‫روز ایک سیب کھانے سے ڈاکٹر کے پاس جانا نہیں پڑتا۔‬

Set-15
I’m feeling headache
...

He is suffering from indigestion
...

I’m feeling nausea
...

My eyes are sore and running
...

He has a multiple rib fracture
...


‫میرے سر میں درد ہے۔‬
‫میگی کے دانت میں درد ہے۔‬
‫اس کو بدہضمی ہے۔‬
‫اس کو دائمی قبض ہے۔‬
‫میرا جی متال رہا ہے۔‬
‫فریڈ پچھلے تین گھنٹوں سے قے کر رہا ہے۔‬
‫میری آنکھوں میں درد ہے اور بہہ رہی ہیں۔‬
‫اس کو تیز بخار ہے اس لئے اس کی امی اس کے پٹیاں‬
‫رکھ رہی ہیں۔‬
‫اس کی کئی پسلیاں ٹوٹ گئی ہیں۔‬
‫اس کا بازو ٹوٹ گیا ہے۔‬

Set-16
The police is patrolling in the area
...

This is illegal
...

Justice delayed is justice denied
...
Mubashar 0302 76 76 143, 0321 780 60 25}

‫پولیس عالقے میں گشت کر رہی ہے۔‬
‫اس پر چوری کا الزام ہے۔‬
‫یہ ؼیر قانونی ہے۔‬
‫سیمسن نے میرے خالؾ کیس کیا ہے۔‬
‫انصاؾ میں دیر انصاؾ نہ دینے کے برابر ہے۔‬
Page 26

Marsan is in lock-up
...

Black listed has escaped/ absconded from jail
...

The culprit was hanged
...


‫مارسن حواالت ہے۔‬
‫گروہ کا لیڈر پولیس مقابلہ میں مارا گیا۔‬
‫اشتہاری مجرم جیل سے فرار ہو گیا ہے۔‬
‫ایڈی کی عمر قید ختم ہو گئی ہے۔‬
‫مجرم کو پھانسی دے دی گئی۔‬
‫جالد مجرم کو پھانسی دینے لگا ہے۔‬

Set-17
‫برائے مہربانی اندر آجائیے۔‬
‫جہاز پانی میں ڈوب رہا ہے۔‬
‫بچہ پول میں ڈوب رہا ہے۔‬
‫اینا پول میں تیر رہی ہے۔‬
‫کاؼذ پانی میں تیر رہا ہے۔‬
‫اس نے بازار جانے سے انکار کر دیا۔‬
‫تم فضول(خواہ مخواہ) میں چال رہے ہو۔‬
‫مسٹر رابرٹ بہت زندہ دل انسان ہیں۔‬
‫وہ پھوٹ پھوٹ کر رونے لگی۔‬
‫بچہ انگوٹھا چوس رہا ہے۔‬

Please come inside
...

The child is drowning in the pool
...

The paper is floating in the water
...

You are crying for nothing
...
Robert is very jolly
...

The child is sucking the thumb
...

We just couldn’t go
...

He is dying by inches
...

How long will it take?
Don’t spit on the floor
...


‫کیا آپ کو کچھ اور چاہئیے؟‬
‫بارش ہوتے ہوتے رہ گئی۔‬
‫ہم جاتے جاتے رہ گئے۔‬
‫کل دو طرح کے ہوتے ہیں۔‬
‫وہ ایڑیاں رگڑ رگڑ کر هر رہا ہے۔‬
‫تم اپنے اپ کو سمجھتے کیا ہو؟‬
‫ہللا نہ کرے وہ فیل ہو۔‬
‫کتنی دیر لگے گی؟‬
‫فرش پر مت تھوکئے۔‬
‫دروازہ کھولو باہر مہمان کھڑے ہیں۔‬

Set-19
Now what should I do?
What about this matter?
Let it go now
...

Come round to my views
...

We should not quarrel over trifling
...

I stand corrected
...
Mubashar 0302 76 76 143, 0321 780 60 25}

‫اب میں کیا کروں؟‬
‫اس بات کا کیا بنا؟‬
‫اب اس بات کو جانے دو۔‬
‫میں افواہوں اور سنی سنائی باتوں پر یقین نہیں کرتا۔‬
‫میری بات مان لو۔‬
‫دھوپ میں ننگے سر نہ جاؤ۔‬
‫ہمیں معمولی معمولی باتوں پہ نہیں لڑنا چاہیے۔‬
‫آپ تو عید کا چاند ہو گئے ہیں۔‬
‫میں اپنے الفاظ واپس لیتا ہوں۔‬
Page 27

‫وہ سڑک پر بری طرح گر پڑا۔‬
‫وہ سر کے بل گر پڑا۔‬

He had a nasty fall on the road
...


Set-20
‫وہ تمھارا کیا لگتا ہے؟‬
‫اندھیرا چھا رہا ہے۔‬
‫خوشخط کر کے لکھئے۔‬
‫برائے مہربانی بیٹھے رہئیے۔‬
‫میرے پاس آئو۔‬
‫بچہ دانت نکال رہا ہے۔‬
‫اپنی زبان قابو میں رکھئیے۔‬
‫اپنی ناک صاؾ کرو۔‬
‫اپنے دانت صاؾ کرو۔‬
‫اپنی شرٹ صاؾ کرو۔‬

What is he to you?
It’s getting dark
...

Be seated please
...

Baby is cutting teeth
...

Blow your nose
...

Dust off your shirt
...

Some-things can’t be explained
...

Cover your mouth while coughing
...

I have had no talk with him on this topic
...

It’s suffocating here
...

He is an egoist and dogmatist
...

Who am I to be angry?
I personally don’t know him
...

The days are gone when people were right
...

Come what may, I’ll not forgive him
...

He is too weak to walk
...
Mubashar 0302 76 76 143, 0321 780 60 25}

‫میں کس بنک میں اکائونٹ کھلواؤں؟‬
Page 28

opened?
You should get your account opened in
Meezan Bank
...

I want to get saving account opened
...

He gave me post-dated cheque
...


‫کیا تم کو اوور ڈرافٹ کی سہولت ہے؟‬
‫اس کا چیک مسترد ہو گیا۔‬

Set-24
He winked at me
...

I will never let you go
...


Your brother has fallen into bad company
...

When will you have sense?
Don’t keep off one’s dad
...

He has not got the balls
...

Mend your ways
...


Will you make friends with me?
Don’t test my patience
...

He flatters his officers
...


Set-26
His blood was running cold
...
Mubashar 0302 76 76 143, 0321 780 60 25}

‫اس کا خوى خطک ہو رہا تھا۔‬
Page 29

‫الش خون میں لت پت پڑی تھی۔‬
‫اس پر کڑی نظر رکھنا۔‬
‫وہ پھوٹ پھوٹ کر رو رہی تھی۔‬
‫میری قمیص پر بل پڑے ہوئے ہیں۔‬
‫میری قمیص کے بل ختم کرو۔‬
‫وہ کپڑوں کو نچوڑ رہی تھی۔‬
‫وہ کھڑکی سے جھانک رہی تھی۔‬
‫وہ بستر پر کروٹیں بدل رہا تھا۔‬
‫وہ اکثر تمھاری ہاں میں ہاں مالتا ہے۔‬

The corpse was lying in a pool of blood
...

She was weeping bitterly
...

Remove the creases of my shirt
...

She was peeping through the window
...

He often says you ditto
...

I will knock your brain out
...


She looks younger for her age
...

He has come of age
...

He will avenge on you
...

Anna was gloating over her son
...


Why are you so downcast?
The tables were turned to me
...

Leave her to herself
...

He is a quick of wit
...


Set-29
I’m hard up these days
...

Walk slowly lest you should stumble
...

{M
...

He proved a dark horse
...

Don’t cast pearls before swine
...

They used to have a walk early in the morning
...

Truth is always bitter
...

There is something black at the bottom
...

I’m happy
...

I’m not happy
...

She is happy
...

She is not happy
...

Who did you see at the hotel?

‫دل کو دل سے راٍ ہوتی ہے۔‬
‫سچ ہمیشہ کڑوا ہوتا ہے۔‬
‫دیواروں کے بھی کان ہوتے ہیں۔‬
‫دال میں کچھ کاال ہے۔‬
‫تالی دو ہاتھ سے بجتی ہے۔‬
‫میں خوش ہوں۔ وہ بھی خوش ہے۔‬
‫میں خوش نہیں ہوں۔ وہ بھی خوش نہیں ہے۔‬
‫وہ خوش ہے۔ میں بھی۔‬
‫وہ خوش نہیں ہے۔ میں بھی نہیں ہوں۔‬
‫تم نے ہوٹل میں کس کو دیکھا؟‬


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Page 31

VOCABULARY
COLOURS
White
Black
Red
Yellow
Pink
Brown
Blue
Beige
Cyan

‫سفید‬
‫کاال/ سیاہ‬
‫سرخ/ الل‬
‫پیال‬
‫گالبی‬
‫بھورا‬
‫نیال‬
‫ہلکا بھورا‬
‫سبزی مائل نیال‬

Golden
Gray
Azure
Indigo
Dusky/ Khaki
Green
Infrared
Scarlet
Off-White

‫سنہرا‬
‫سرمئی‬
‫گہرا آسمانی‬
‫نیلگوں‬
‫خاکی‬
‫سبز/ ہرا‬
‫ہلکا سرخ‬
‫گلنار‬
‫آدھا سفید‬

Pale
Vermilion
Crimson
Maroon
Violet
Purple
Orange
Amber
Ruby-Red

‫ہلکا زرد‬
‫سندوری‬
‫قرمزی‬
‫بادامی قرمزی‬
‫جامنی‬
‫ارؼوانی‬
‫مالٹا رنگ‬
‫شہد رنگ‬
‫لعل سرخ‬

‫شملہ مرچ‬

VEGETABLES
Potato

‫آلو‬

Mint

‫پودینہ‬

Ginger
Colocassia/
Arum
Cabbage
Lady finger
Brinjal
Spinach
Garlic

‫ادرک‬
‫اروی‬

Onion
Cauliflower

‫پیاز‬
‫گوبھی‬

Capsicum/
Green
Pepper
Turnip
Yam

‫بند گوبھی‬
‫بھنڈی‬
‫بینگن‬
‫پالک‬
‫لہسن‬

‫پھلیاں‬
‫چقندر‬
‫مرچ‬
‫سرسوں کا ساگ‬
‫مٹر‬

Pumpkin
Bitter gourd
Zucchini
Carrot
Radish

‫کدو‬
‫کریال‬
‫گھیاتوری‬
‫گاجر‬
‫مولی‬

‫دھنیا‬
‫میتھی‬

Beans
Beetroot
Chilli
Mustard
Pea/ Green
bean
Cucumber
Corn

‫کھیرا‬
‫مکئی کا بھٹہ‬

Mushroom
Bottle Gourd

‫کھمبی‬
‫لوکی‬

‫حلوہ کدو‬

Fistulosus/

‫ٹنڈے‬

Goabean

‫سیم کی پھلیاں‬

Coriander
Fenugreek
leaves
Cucurbita

‫شلؽم‬
‫کچالو‬

Baby pumpkin

SPICES
Clove
Cinnamon
Cardamom
Elettaria
Cardamom
Nigellastvia
Turmeric

‫لونگ‬
‫دارچینی‬
‫بڑی االئچی‬
‫چھوٹی االئچی‬

Cumin
Dill
Dry ginger
Anise

‫زیرہ‬
‫اجوائن‬
‫سونٹھ‬
‫سونؾ‬

Poppy seed
Salt
Saffron
Tamarind

‫خشخاش‬
‫نمک‬
‫زعفران‬
‫املی‬

‫کلونجی‬
‫ہلدی‬

Black pepper

‫کالی مرچ‬

Red pepper

‫سرخ مرچ‬

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Leper
Mad/ Unsound mind
Dumb
Paralyzed
Forgetful

‫برص ذدہ‬
‫پاگل‬
‫گونگا‬
‫فالج ذدہ‬
‫بھلکڑ‬

Page 33

PARTS OF BODY (EXTERNAL)
Ankle
Anus
Arm
Armpit
Back
Back
Shoulder
Beard
Bladder

‫ٹخنہ‬
‫مقعد‬
‫بازو‬
‫بؽل‬
‫پیٹھ‬
‫عقبی کندھے‬

Eyelid
Face
Finger
Fist
Forehead
Foot

‫پپوٹا‬
‫چہرہ‬
‫انگلی‬
‫مٹھی‬
‫پیشانی‬
‫پائوں‬

Nipple
Nose
Nostril
Palm
Penis
Pore

‫پستان کا سرا‬
‫ناک‬
‫نتھنا‬
‫ہتھیلی‬
‫عضو تناسل‬
‫مسام‬

‫داڑھی‬
‫مثانہ‬

Hair
Hand

‫بال‬
‫ہاتھ‬

Pupil
Ring Finger

Belly
Bellybutton
Breast

Head
Heel
Hip

‫سر‬
‫ایڑھی‬
‫کولہا‬

Skin
Sole
Shoulder

Index Finger
Knee
Leg

‫شہادت کی انگلی‬
‫گھٹنا‬
‫ٹانگ‬

Temple
Testicle
Thigh

‫کنپٹی‬
‫خصیہ‬
‫ران‬

Chin
Ear
Ear lobe
Elbow

‫پیٹ‬
‫ناؾ‬
/‫زنانہ چھاتی‬
‫پستان‬
‫پنڈلی‬
‫رخسار‬
/‫مردانہ چھاتی‬
‫سینہ‬
‫ٹھوڑی‬
‫کان‬
‫کان کی لو‬
‫کہنی‬

‫آنکھ کی پتلی‬
‫چھوٹی انگلی‬
‫کے ساتھ کی‬
‫انگلی‬
‫جلد‬
‫تلوہ‬
‫کندھے‬

Lip
Little Finger
Mole
Mouth

‫ہونٹ‬
‫چوٹی انگلی‬
‫تل‬
‫منہ‬

‫گال‬
‫انگوٹھا‬
‫پنجہ‬
‫باالئی کندھے‬

Eye
Eyeball

‫آنکھ‬
‫آنکھ کا ڈھیال‬

‫مونچھیں‬
‫درمیانی انگلی‬

Eyebrow
Eyelash

‫بھنویں‬
‫پلکیں‬

Moustaches
Middle
Finger
Nail
Neck

Throat
Thumb
Toe
Upper
Shoulder
Vagina
Waist

‫ناخن‬
‫گردن‬

Wrinkles
Wrist

‫جھریاں‬
‫کالئی‬

Rib
Shin
Skull
Spleen
Stomach
Teeth
Tongue
Vein
Vertebra
Wind-pipe

‫پسلی‬
‫پنڈلی کی نلی‬
‫کھوپڑی‬
‫تلی‬
‫معدہ‬
‫دانت‬
‫زبان‬
‫رگ‬
‫مہرے‬
‫نرخرہ‬

Calf
Cheek
Chest

‫فرج‬
‫کمر‬

PARTS OF BODY (INTERNAL)
Back Bone
Bile
Blood
Bone
Brain
Clavicle
Femur
Gums
Heart
Intestine

‫ریڑھ کی ہڈی‬
‫پتہ‬
‫خون‬
‫ہڈی‬
‫دماغ‬
‫ہنسلی کی ہڈی‬
‫ران کی ہڈی‬
‫مسوڑے‬
‫دل‬
‫آنت‬

Joint
Kidney
Knee-Pan
Liver
Lungs
Molar Teeth
Muscle
Nerves
Ovary/ womb
Palate

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Feminine
Bat
Crane
Hen

Young
Pup
Chick
Chick
Page 35

‫کوئل‬
‫فاختہ‬
‫بطخ‬
‫عقاب‬
‫بطخ‬
‫بگال‬
‫چیل‬
‫بلبل‬
‫شتر مرغ‬
‫الو‬
‫طوطا‬
‫مور‬
‫کبوتر‬
‫بٹیر‬
‫مرؼا‬
‫ہنس‬
‫ابابیل‬
‫شکرا/ باز‬
‫گدھ‬

Cuckoo
Dove
Drake
Eagle
Gander
Heron
Kite
Nightingale
Ostrich
Owl
Parrot
Peacock
Pigeon
Quail
Rooster/ Cock
Swan/ Cob
Swallow
Tercel
Vulture

Cuckoo
Hen
Duck
Eagle
Goose
Hen
Kite
Hen
Hen
Owl
Hen
Peahen
Hen
Hen
Hen
Pen
Swallow
Hawk/ Falcon
-

Cuckoo
Chick/ Squab
Duckling
Eaglet
Gosling
Chick
Kite
Chick
Chick
Owlet
Chick
Peachick
Squab
Chick
Chick
Cygnet
Swallow
Eyas
-

INSECTS
Fly
Rat/ Mouse
Scorpio
Glow-warm
Lizard
Dragonfly
Louse
Locust
Wasp

‫مکھی‬
‫چوہا‬
‫بچھو‬
‫جگنو‬
‫چھپکلی‬
‫کابلی مکھی‬
‫جوں‬
‫ٹڈی دل‬
‫بھڑ‬

Bee
Wasp
Ant
Frog
Snake
Moth
Centipede
Grass-hopper
Silk worm

‫شہد کی مکھی‬
‫بھڑ‬
‫چیونٹی‬
‫مینڈک‬
‫سانپ‬
‫پروانہ/ پتنگا‬
‫کنکھجورا‬
‫گھاس کا ٹڈا‬
‫ریشم کا کیڑا‬

Beetle
Mole
Mosquito
Locust
Cricket
Butterfly
Crab
Spider
Termite

‫بھنورا‬
‫چھچھوندر‬
‫مچھر‬
‫ٹڈی‬
‫جھینگر‬
‫تتلی‬
‫کیکڑا‬
‫مکڑی‬
‫دیمک‬

BUILDINGS AND PLACES
Aerodrome

ٍ‫ہوائی اڈ‬

Dungeon

Arena/ Ring
Arsenal

‫اکھاڑا‬
‫اسلحہ خاًہ‬

Fort
Garage

Asylum

‫پاگل خاًہ‬

Aviary

‫پرًدے پالٌے کی‬
‫جگہ‬

Godown/
Warehouse
Graveyard

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