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Stearns Chapter 19: Early Latin America
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1450-1750
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Encomiendas were grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and colonists in Mesoamerica and
South America and was the foundation for the first few forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies
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Bartolomé de Las Casas was a Dominican friar who encouraged peaceful conversion of the Native American
poples of the Spanish colonies and objected forced labor and supported Indian rights
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Huancavelica was the location of the greatest deposit of mercury in South America that was linked with Potosi
and helped in American silver production
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Consulado was a merchant guild of Seville which basked in virtual monopoly rights over commodities shipped
to America and managed much of the silver received in return
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Letrados were university-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World which made up the legal core of
Spanish colonial government who exerted both legislative and administrative activities
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Sociedad de castas was an American social system founded on racial descent with Europeans or whites at
the top, black or Native Americans at the bottom and mixed races in the middle
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War of the Spanish Succession (1702-13) resulted from the Bourbon family’s succession to the Spanish
throne in 1701 and was ended by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 which resulted in the acknowledgment of
Bourbons, the loss of some lands, and grants of commercial rights to the English and the French
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Tupac Amaru was a Mestizo leader of the Indian revolt in Peru that was supported by many among the lower
social classes but the revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution
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Explain what is meant by the title “The Caribbean Crucible” for the subsection on pages 420-22
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The encomienda was founded and gold hunting, slaving as well as foreign diseases decreased the
islands’ populations
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These checkerboard form had the town hall, major church, and the governor’s palace in the central plaza
and Roman forms and logical planning was implemented
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New laws set
in motion were influenced by the American experience and the construction of schools, churches and other
building as well as bureaucracy became a model for Spain’s explorations in other parts of the Americas
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Soon, Tainos
started enslaving other islands when the native population declined which led to the increase of African slavery
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Many expeditions to the Americas were similar to each other in the Caribbean in
their interaction which contained similar elements of the colonial system
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Using all three of the graphs found on pages 426, 427, and 435, analyze the effects of European influence on
native populations
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The Indian population in New Spain decreased drastically in 1520 at 21
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5 million in
1735 due to enslavement, mistreatment and foreign diseases brought to the Americas by the Europeans
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Additionally, the royals in Spanish America made a large part

of the total pesos that was made from silver production found in Mexico and Peru
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Thus, while the natives were
forced to mine silver in danger of coming into contact with poisonous mercury, the produce made and sold
benefitted the crown or other powerful Europeans
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Furthermore, in both Peru and Mexico, the percentage of Indians decreased significantly
while the castas and the Spaniards increased over the course of 1570 to 1810
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The economy of Brazil was extremely invested in sugar and later gold and diamonds while New Spain
concentrated on silver production
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New Spain’s economy in silver production was mostly
constant because many wage workers were willing to face the great dangers of mining silver for better wages
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However, the abundance of silver soon led to inflation which caused the Spanish
currency to become of less worth
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Sugar was a
main resource for the Portuguese and became a model for the rest of the colonies, similar to how silver was to
New Spain
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Brazil’s economy fell but not completely and rose again with Minas Gerais, a land full of gold
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People were leaving coastal towns and plantations and immigrants were flowing in, all
to get a shot at finding gold
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In this way, the economy of Brazil increased the population and rose sky high because
of the amount of people finding gold
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The access to gold allowed for Portugal to buy the needed manufactured goods
but yet decreased its own manufacturing
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Thus, both economies of New Spain and Brazil were completely based
on silver for New Spain and gold and sugar for Brazil
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Outline (yes, create an outline – use any format you wish provided there is identifiable and clear organization):
a
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The reforms themselves, and
c
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Motives for colonial reform
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Age of enlightened despotism
b
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Desired a strong centralized government
d
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Revive Spain within the framework of its traditional society
f
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Material improvements
2
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Wanted benefits of mercantilism
b
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Decline in production of Brazilian gold
d
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Revitalize colonies to strengthen mother country
B
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Bourbon
a
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Tightened system of taxation
c
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Fleet system abolished
e
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West Indies
-New viceroyalties created in New Granada and Rio de la Plata to provide better administration and
defense
-Royal investigators sent (Jose de Galvez: revealed worst abuses of graft and corruption)

-eliminated Creoles from upper bureaucracy of colonies and created new offices
-local magistrates were removed from Indian villages and the office was replaced by a new system of
intendants or provincial governors based on French models
g
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California
-resisted foreign competitors by military means (Rio de la Plata)
h
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Trade regulations
- State monopolies established over tobacco, gunpowder
- Influx of cheap Spanish/English goods
i
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locally made/more expensive good
- Mining experts and inspectors sent to Peru and New Spain to suggest reforms and introduce new
techniques
2
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Fiscal reforms to eliminate – contraband, gold smuggling, tax evasion
b
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Vigorous administrators went to colonies to enforce changes
d
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Removed Indians from missionary control in the Amazon and encouraged whites to marry them
f
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Reactions to reforms
1
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Population and productive capacity increases resulting in:
i
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increasing fertility
iii
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rising slave trade
b
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Revolts/Reactions
a
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Urban uprisings, tax revolts, Indian uprisings became more serious and more protracted
c
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d
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Activism by mother country government increased dissatisfaction of American colonies
f
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Sharp ethnic divisions made it difficult to unify locals



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