Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

DEVELOPMENT OF HISTORICAL THOUGHT UPTO 1900
PHILOSOPHY
what is historical thought
Historical thought means the search for knowledge and understanding of human life in
the field of history
...

Types of historical thoughts
1
...
for
example bringing the facts of the origin of human religion
2
...
Logic
It is the study of correct history, i
...
historical events is a product of thought
...
Epistemology
It is the study of knowledge
...
Ethics
Ethic is a conduct or behaviour of human beings in a society or community
...
it is important for historians to reflect the
moral values of a society in order to sum up with what is good or bad
4
...
or transformation
...
they are things that happen that
we have never seen them before
...
Historical explantion--- differing in xplanation btn diff group of historians on the
same event
...
The ststus of history as a descipline--- whether history is a science or an art
...
Historical causation
a) Argument as history is a science (positivist)
b) Argument as history is an art (relativist)
c) Characteristics of scientific history
What is a science
The fact of knowing something, knowledge or understanding of a truth
1) Arguments as history is a science (positivist)
1
...
e
...
both historical and scientific research; they apply internationally recognized
methodology in research
...

3
...

4
...
history like science also apply general laws
5
...
history is a well organized discipline events that happen have their origin
...

7
...

8
...
Historians depends on oral traditions in their research and these oral traditions may be
manipulated for example people tend to hide their traditions so they lie hence
manipulating the research
2
...
e the
historians cannot observed the happenings they only listen from their target group of
research
3
...
historians deals with the past which claim is different from their situation, therefore
for historians to understands their past they have to apply imagination to give half of the
representation for example they will only imagine as its really happen those years back
5
...
to understand the past historians rely on what was left behind by the historical
mediums and therefore historians will be using inference to understand the past for e
...
scientific history is base in research
...
e collection of authentic data subjecting that
data to critical analysis
...
History deals with human being actions and activities and its through man's action
that history is made
3
...
man has the power to change his fate and destiny and limitations came only because
of lack of knowledge
5
...
e
...
Scientific history is humanistic in nature i
...
Scientific history borrows from other disciplines e
...
Herodotus argued that any excess movement in any
one direction will lead to violent charge on its own opposites
...
Scientific history ask questions such as why, where, how, what and when in an
attempt to ascertain the truth
9
...
e time, date and specific place and therefore history is
not imaginations
10
...
e how he/she should live and
how his ancestor live
CHRISTIAN HISTORICAL THOUGHT DURING THE MIDDLE AGES
QUIZ ; discuss the major characteristics of christian philosophy
Major charactristics of christian philosophy

Victory of Christians over paganisms in sweeping changes in the conceptions of
historical writing
...

Christian philosophy was founded in the Old Testament and there are writtings based on
history of the Jews
Christians philosophy rejected reason and hence its philosophy was based on faith i
...

This philosophy respect supernatural being and therefore history changed from the
activities of man to God
The major characters in this philosophy are the prophets and religious leaders
the leaders are also categorise into two we have the rightious leaders for the holy and
evil leaders
...
the evil ones has been depicted as failures because they
don't trust in God
History according to Christians is a process in which God and man are major
participants, it glorifies God and tells the good deeds of God
These deeds of God begin from the time of creation and spread to a future time i
...

Christian philosophy view historical process as a practical manifestation of the struggle
between the forces of good and evil
...
to them the
most important life is future life
History is the work of providence i
...
Christian philosophy is based on one source that is bible
2
...
g the birth
of Jesus
3
...
It becomes difficult to prove that the bible and its interpretations is only to have a
peaceful world
5
...
AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO
He wrote a theological book that was entintle "city of God" in his book he compares and
contrast the city of God and that of man and the purpose of doing was to challenge the
Roman Catholic Church

City of man earth

City of God heaven

man glorifies himself

man glorifies the lord

Man seeks glory of man

Man seek Glory of God

Man lifts his/her head in his/her own glory Man is lifting his head in man's glory
man delights in his own strength

God is the strength

Man adores images

Man adores God

Man loves himself to the content of God

Man loves God even to the content of self

Man will suffer eternal punishment with the Man is pre -destined to reign eternally with
devil
God
Evil deeds are punished

God deeds are rewarded

THE INFLUENCE OF RENEISSANCE 15--17 TH CENTURIES
QUIZ
1
...
Asses the major characteristics of renaissance era that had an impact on history
Renaissance thought?
The term renaissance refers a period in history which was a gradual break in medieval
error: it means rebirth of classical knowledge or the greeco -roman erra
Characteristics of the renaissance period
1
...
Rise of worldliness that ushers in modern science
3
...
g people were free to think
wider
4
...
g people were
able to live a healthy life and enjoyable
5
...
e
...
the passion for learning, humans had known that education was a key to good life so
they were eager to learn
...
The emergence of humanism
...
i
...
Appreciation of human abilities i
...


9
...
e people were very optimistic to do work for better tomorrow
10
...
e what was done yesterday and today in
their dailly life
11
...
it was an age where education was open to masses e
...
There was a diffusion of knowledge and ideas due to eploration e
...

14
...
i
...
the printing press enable the sharing and spread of ideas and knowledge
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC HISTORY 17 - 18 TH C
RATIONALISM
GIAM BATTISTA VICO 1668 - 1744
he wrote the book on the studying method of our time 1709, on the most ancient
wisdom of Italians 1710
He distances himself from prevailling cartesianism of his time in two ways;
1
...
He belief that cartesians over played the role of physics and that of science and
neglected social and historical knowledge
according to cartessians testimony of written authorities must not be accepted as
cardinal facts without subjecting to scholarly critism based on 3 rules
1
...
that the rule that different authorities must be confronted with each other an
harmonised
3
...
that is, they cannot tell us why people fight

new science (SCIENZA NUEVA)

Vico argued that new science (scienza nuova) is the science of the principal when man
makes history
...

It is through history that we can understand what man did in the past therefore if fills the
human nature history and analyses the nature of society that we live
What advice did VICO gave to historians
1
...
Historians are encouraged to used oral traditions for they represent the values of the
societies
3
...
he argued that historians can utilised linguistics to reconstruct the past
that is used of etimology
4
...
He advocates the used of books as references to counter checked the validity of other
sources
6
...
Be opposed to theory of diffussion of history and arguments
...
Historians should not accept everything that they are told by historical agents they
should subject it to criticism
9
...
It is also necessary for historians to study the past in relations to general course of
historical development
ROMANTICISM
George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 1770 - 1831
Quiz
discuss the used of symbolism in hegelian historical thought
According to him history is a product of reason or thought he argues that "reason is
sovereign” i
...
Of the world and history of the world presents us with
a rational process
...
he argues that history shows the movement of the
spirit in the realisation of full freedom in the world before 1900
...


The state is governed by individuals
...

The historical figures persue their own individual gaols which concide with what is
required for development of complete freedom
...

DIALECT THEORY OF HEGEL
QUIZ
1
...
Examine hegels dialect theory in relation to the development of world history
Thesis

Anti- thesis

Synthesis

China,india

persia,greece,rome

Germanic state of prussia

Hegel put down three step theory thesis --- anti -thesis ----- sythesis
he said society begin from a state of equilibrium that is called thesis, i
...
e
...
it develops counter forces which opposed the status quo
The struggle between thesis and anti- thesis leads to a refine state that is called
synthesis and its creates equlibrium and the process begin again
DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD HISTORY
HEGEL in His universal history he shows how the national spirit moved from the east
to west in its endover to realized complete freedom
he uses symbols i
...
The rising of the sun from east to the setting of the sun in the west
2
...
the king is representing a dictator
administration
...

According to Hegel india have a slidely developed spirit because of the social diversity
based on the caste religion
He says in india the king and members of the upper class know that they are free while
the members of low caste know that they are subjects of the upper clas
therefore, according to Hegel these society is static and remain in the childhood stage
PERSIA
Persia had a more advance realisation of the movement of the spirit and therefore it was
the first historical state
Reason why persia is growing
Persia consisted of some conquered state after defeat the persia allowed the defeated
people to retain their culture, traditions, customs
...
because of the democracy many people were free and therefore the
spirit was represented by mid -day or adolescence
However, because of the inter - state wars between Athens and sparta many people
suffered and leaders also became corrupt hence the spirit cannot remain here
ROME
The roman empire was founded by soldiers and the leaders respected soldiers
The leadership in rome expresses the will of the people and also they impress
Catholicism
...

However, some romans refused to christianity and continue with paganism and these
brought conflicts in the society hence they interfere with the spirit hence it cannot stay
here
PRUSSIA
In prussia the people embrassed protestant ethics and this accorsing to Hegel
symbolized a complete freedom state
...

Therefore, Hegel said "The germans realised that man as man is free"it means that all
men are free and equal and therefore the spirit has reach the sunset or old age
SHORTCOMINGS OF THESE THEORY

...
hegel was biased because prussia was his own state
I
...
during that time britain and Belgium had more freedom than prussia
III
...
he says Africa never shows any spirit or development it is static
V
...
Karl Marx, predicted dooms day for the capitalism in his historical materialism
what historical factors acted against these predictions
B
...
Asses materialism, in world history according to Karl Marx (discuss the
universality of world materialism according to karl marx
D
...
he was force to run to
Britain again in 1951
 he died in 1883 and was burried in cementry where 8 people attended the ceremony
and Fredrick read "the most hated and slandered man of his time as dawin
discovered the law of evolution in organic matters karl marx dicovers the law
of evolution in human history and economic history
KARL MARX PUBLICATION
fredrick Hegel and karl marx the title communist manifesto title "des capital"(1948)
In his book he spells out a programme of action by the workers to bring about a socialist
revolution
In his book he quoted "all history is a history of a class struggle" he argued that workers
had nothing to loose in the struggle but the chains holding them to poverty
...

He argues that in the original state there was the communal ownership, of property
which meant that all the means of production was own by the members of the society
...

Social change from, one system to another come from primarily changes due to changes
in primary change
according to him capitalism was based in exploitationof the working class by the
owners of capital
he argued that capitalism seervice by exploiting the workers, that is the labour force are
victimise and according to him capitalism is an organize system of robbery
He came up with three things
1) The law of accumulation
In the capitalism, state the owners of the means of production utilized the surplus by re invensting the surplus and through these they cut on cost and increase productivity
which led to creator exploitation of workers in Europe

2) Law of increasing the misery of workers
The capitalist state makes the workers to work for long hours and the wages are low
since they work, for long hours they create more profit and these profit are retained by
employers
they have also introduced the used of machinery which dipressed wages and creates
unemployment and the workers continue suffering
KARL MARX PREDICTION
When the capitalist state reaches these stage it will lead to his own death because the
workers will not accept to be exploited any further, therefore they will overdraw
capitalism
WHAT PREVENTED HIS PREDICTION NOT TO SUCCEED
① he predicted a violent revolution that will cause the bloodshed between the rich and
the poor and therefore coutries as British put in measures to prevent war
② In Britain and USA, the workers came up with labour parties and these could be
used to peacefully overdraw the government
③ According to karl marx the worker’s revolution to suceed was supposed to be led by
workers
...
He contributed to the widening of historical scope because before him history
concentrate on cultural, political aspects
...
he assisted interllectuals and scholars to recognize the interelatedness of the
different aspects that is political, social and economic
III
...
through marx also we understand exploitation at local level, national level and
international level
V
...
through karl marx we understand the reason for revolution, uprising and world wars
VII
...
Today marxism is use to show the struggle between the industrialise north and
the poor Agregrian south



---