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Title: Imaging of Respiratory Disease
Description: This is a lecture that is part of the St. Georges University Biomedical Science course in the Human Cardiovascular and Respiratory Pharmacology module.

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Anatomy

No MRI for the lungs as there are no H+ in lungs
Techniques - Projection
P-A (relation of x-ray beam to patient)

Lateral projection

Left Upper Lobe and Lingula

LUL with Pneumonia -->
Consolidation in the lung (infection)

Left Lower Lobe

LLL with Pneumonia -->
Consolidation in the lung (infection)

Lung cannot separate from Hilum (attached) so lung collapses away
LLL collapse -->

Right Upper Lobe

Smaller as doesn't have lingula

RUL with Pneumonia --->

RUL collapse -->
Collapses upwards

Right Lower Lobe

RLL Pneumonia --->
Upper lobe takes space as RLL collapses away from hilum

RLL collapse --->

Right Midde Lobe

RML Pneumonia -->

Adult with cough and chest pain
Observations: Central mediastinal oval-shaped, Radiopacity, 2-heart size normal, lungs
clear
Interpretation: suspicious mass (C
...

X-rays passing through the body are detected by an array or sensors
Information from the sensors are computer processed and then displayed as an image on
a video screen

CT window settings
You can change the greyscale to make it easier for the human eye to see into tissues

Adult with acute SOB
Chest xray - no obvious consolidations

Pulmonary Embolism (RLL)
Saddle thrombus causing filling defects
White = I
...

Interpretation: consolidations and interstitial changes
Diagnosis: Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic Fibrosis
Autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane
Conductance Regulator (CFTR) - ion channel
...
In Europe ~1 in 25 carry one CFTR gene mutation
(they do not have CF)
...
Incidence
varies greatly from country to country (in Finland only 1 in 25,000)
...

CFTR - Regulates Na+ channel
Mutation on chromosome 7
CFTR
CFTR is a cAMP-activated ATP-gated anion channel
...

Primarily chloride conductance, but can conduct many other anions including thiocyanate
(hypothiocyanite= antimicrobial activity) and bicarbonate (pH)
...

Consists of 2 Membrane Spanning Domains (MSD), 2 Nucleotide Binding Domains (NBD)
and a Regulatory (R) domain
...

Not all Mycobacteria cause TB
Transmission - in most cases TB is spread from person to person through the air via
droplet nuclei
...

Bacilli may reach any part of the body, but common sites include:

Brain
Larynx
Bone

Lymph node
Pleura
Lung

Kidney

Spine

shell breaks
down and
tubercle
bacilli escape
and multiply
(in this example,
TB disease
develops in
the lungs)


Title: Imaging of Respiratory Disease
Description: This is a lecture that is part of the St. Georges University Biomedical Science course in the Human Cardiovascular and Respiratory Pharmacology module.