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How​ ​to​ ​distinguish​ ​between​ ​Independent,​ ​dependant,​ ​and​ ​controlled​ ​variables
Independent​ ​variable:​ ​The​ ​variable​ ​that​ ​is​ ​deliberately​ ​changed​ ​by​ ​the​ ​experimenter
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Control​ ​variable:​ ​Any​ ​other​ ​variable​ ​that​ ​may​ ​affect​ ​the​ ​outcome
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​ ​If​ ​they​ ​cannot​ ​be​ ​kept​ ​constant​ ​then
their​ ​values​ ​need​ ​to​ ​be​ ​monitored​ ​or​ ​recorded​ ​so​ ​that​ ​their​ ​influence​ ​can​ ​be​ ​assessed
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Carl​ ​Woese:
- Created​ ​3​ ​domains​ ​that​ ​all​ ​organisms​ ​could​ ​be​ ​classified​ ​into
- 3​ ​Domains:
● Eubacteria​ ​-​ ​Only​ ​contains​ ​kingdom​ ​Eubacteria
● Archaea​ ​-​ ​Only​ ​contains​ ​kingdom​ ​Archaea
● Eukaryotes​ ​-​ ​Contains​ ​other​ ​4​ ​kingdoms:​ ​Protista,​ ​Animals,​ ​Plants,​ ​Funghi
Difference​ ​between​ ​Prokaryotes​ ​and​ ​Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes​ ​-​ ​Unicellular​ ​Organisms​ ​that​ ​do​ ​not​ ​have​ ​organelles
Eukaryotes​ ​-​ ​Unicellular​ ​and​ ​Small​ ​multicellular​ ​organisms​ ​with​ ​organelles
Key​ ​Characteristics​ ​of​ ​6​ ​Kingdoms​ ​and​ ​3​ ​Domains
6​ ​Kingdoms:
- Eubacteria
● 10,000​ ​described​ ​species
● Prokaryotic
● Cell​ ​walls​ ​contain​ ​a​ ​unique​ ​compound
● Cells​ ​are​ ​variable​ ​in​ ​shape​ ​and​ ​size
● Diverse​ ​means​ ​of​ ​obtaining​ ​energy​ ​and​ ​nutrients​ ​-​ ​photosynthetic,
chemotrophic,​ ​or​ ​heterotrophic
● All​ ​can​ ​reproduce​ ​asexually

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● Examples​ ​-​ ​Salmonella,​ ​Nitrogen-fixing​ ​bacteria
Archaea
● 400​ ​described​ ​species
● Prokaryotic
● Cell​ ​walls​ ​and​ ​cell​ ​membranes​ ​have​ ​a​ ​unique​ ​stricture
● Most​ ​are​ ​extremely​ ​small
● Some​ ​colonize​ ​extreme​ ​environments
● Live​ ​in​ ​the​ ​digestive​ ​tracts​ ​of​ ​mammals​ ​and​ ​marine​ ​environments
● All​ ​can​ ​reproduce​ ​asexually
● Examples​ ​-​ ​Extreme​ ​thermophiles,​ ​methanogens
Protista
● 100,000​ ​described​ ​species
● Eukaryotic
● Cells​ ​have​ ​extreme​ ​diversity​ ​of​ ​cellular​ ​structure
● Some​ ​have​ ​chloroplasts​ ​and​ ​cell​ ​walls
● May​ ​be​ ​heterotrophic​ ​or​ ​photosynthetic,​ ​or​ ​both
● Have​ ​variable​ ​forms​ ​of​ ​movement
● Usually​ ​live​ ​in​ ​aquatic​ ​or​ ​other​ ​moist​ ​environments
● Reproduce​ ​sexually​ ​and​ ​asexually
● Examples​ ​-​ ​Amoeba,​ ​Kelps,​ ​Green​ ​Algae
Fungi
● 100,000​ ​described​ ​species
● Eukaryotic
● The​ ​cell​ ​wall​ ​is​ ​composed​ ​of​ ​chitin
● Most​ ​are​ ​multicellular
● Cells​ ​have​ ​no​ ​chloroplasts
● All​ ​are​ ​heterotrophic
● Most​ ​are​ ​terrestrial
● Reproduce​ ​sexually​ ​and​ ​asexually
● Examples​ ​-​ ​Mushrooms,​ ​yeasts,​ ​moulds
Plants
● 250,000​ ​described​ ​species
● Eukaryotic
● All​ ​are​ ​multicellular
● Cell​ ​walls​ ​are​ ​composed​ ​of​ ​cellulose
● Possess​ ​chloroplasts
● Autotrophic​ ​and​ ​photosynthetic

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● Most​ ​are​ ​terrestrial
● Reproduce​ ​sexually​ ​and​ ​asexually
● Examples​ ​-​ ​Mosses,​ ​ferns,​ ​conifers,​ ​flowering​ ​plants
Animals
● 1
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​ ​The
closer​ ​the​ ​numbers,​ ​the​ ​more​ ​biodiverse

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