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Title: BTEC Applied Science Unit 13 Assignment 1
Description: Unit 13: Biochemistry and Biochemical Techniques – Assignment 1 Biological Molecules Task 1 Draw a water molecule and describe its structure. Define monomer, dimer and polymer. This provides evidence for P1 Task 2 Identify the structures of carbohydrates Draw diagrams to show the structural formula of: alpha glucose beta glucose maltose sucrose By referring to diagrams identify the structure of the following molecules, naming the monomers and bonds in each: Starch Cellulose Glycogen This provides evidence for P1 Task 3 Either draw or provide a diagram of a triglyceride. Name the parts of the molecule and name any intermolecular bonds present. This provides evidence for P1 Task 4 Use chromatography to separate the pigments found in chlorophyll. Produce a set of detailed instructions and include the chromatography paper that shows the separation. This provides evidence for P2 Task 5 Using diagrams to illustrate describe the primary and secondary structure of proteins. Name the bonds involved in the structures. This provides evidence for P3 Task 6 Use chromatography to separate the amino acids in a sample. Produce a set of detailed instructions. Include the chromatography paper that shows the separation. Calculate the rF value for at least one of the amino acids. This provides evidence for M1 Task 7 Using diagrams to illustrate describe and explain the tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins. Name the bonds involved in the structures. This provides evidence for M2 Task 8 Explain how the structure of glucose, starch, glycogen and cellulose helps to adapt the molecules for their function. This provides evidence for D1 Task 9 Describe the structure of collagen and haemoglobin, as examples of fibrous and globular proteins, respectively. For each one explain how their structure is related to their function This provides evidence for D2 Exam board is Pearson ALL ASSIGNMENTS I HAVE UPLOADED ARE DISTINCTION GRADED.
Description: Unit 13: Biochemistry and Biochemical Techniques – Assignment 1 Biological Molecules Task 1 Draw a water molecule and describe its structure. Define monomer, dimer and polymer. This provides evidence for P1 Task 2 Identify the structures of carbohydrates Draw diagrams to show the structural formula of: alpha glucose beta glucose maltose sucrose By referring to diagrams identify the structure of the following molecules, naming the monomers and bonds in each: Starch Cellulose Glycogen This provides evidence for P1 Task 3 Either draw or provide a diagram of a triglyceride. Name the parts of the molecule and name any intermolecular bonds present. This provides evidence for P1 Task 4 Use chromatography to separate the pigments found in chlorophyll. Produce a set of detailed instructions and include the chromatography paper that shows the separation. This provides evidence for P2 Task 5 Using diagrams to illustrate describe the primary and secondary structure of proteins. Name the bonds involved in the structures. This provides evidence for P3 Task 6 Use chromatography to separate the amino acids in a sample. Produce a set of detailed instructions. Include the chromatography paper that shows the separation. Calculate the rF value for at least one of the amino acids. This provides evidence for M1 Task 7 Using diagrams to illustrate describe and explain the tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins. Name the bonds involved in the structures. This provides evidence for M2 Task 8 Explain how the structure of glucose, starch, glycogen and cellulose helps to adapt the molecules for their function. This provides evidence for D1 Task 9 Describe the structure of collagen and haemoglobin, as examples of fibrous and globular proteins, respectively. For each one explain how their structure is related to their function This provides evidence for D2 Exam board is Pearson ALL ASSIGNMENTS I HAVE UPLOADED ARE DISTINCTION GRADED.
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Unit 13- Assignment 1- P1
Water molecules
The water molecule is made up of one hydrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms
...
Monomers, dimers and polymers
Monomer - A monomer is a molecule that may bind chemically to other molecules to form a
polymer
...
Polymer - A substance which has a molecular structure built up chiefly or completely from a large
number of similar units bonded together
...
Propanone (acetone)
Chromatography paper
Spotting pipettes
Boiling tubes
Rubber bungs
Boiling tube rack
Solvent (1 part propanone:9 parts petroleum ether)
Method:
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
Continue ‘spotting’ and drying on the same spot to build up a small
area of concentrated pigment
...
5
...
depth of solvent into boiling tube
...
Put bung in tube
...
The solvent travels quickly
...
10mm
...
Allow to dry
...
This provides evidence for P2
Unit 13- Assignment 1- P3
Primary structure:
There are 20 different standard L-α-amino acids used by cells for protein construction
...
This allows
the individual amino acids to join together in long chains by forming peptide bonds
...
A protein can be made up of one or more polypeptide molecules
...
These side chains confer
different chemical, physical and structural properties to the final peptide or protein
...
The
amino acid sequence of a protein is encoded in DNA
...
While the amino acid sequence makes up the primary structure of the protein
...
Secondary Structure:
Stretches or strands of proteins or peptides have distinct characteristic local structural
conformations or secondary structure, dependent on hydrogen bonding
...
The α-helix is a right-handed coiled strand
...
Hydrogen bonds form between the oxygen of the C=O of each
peptide bond in the strand and the hydrogen of the N-H group of the peptide bond four amino acids
below it in the helix
...
The side-chain
substituents of the amino acids fit in beside the N-H groups
...
The sheet
conformation consists of pairs of strands lying side-by-side
...
The two strands can be either
parallel or anti-parallel depending on whether the strand directions are the same or opposite
...
Unit 13- Assignment 1- M1
Paper chromatography
Chromatography is used to separate mixtures of substances into their components
...
They also have a mobile stage
...
The mobile stage flows through the stationary stage and then carried the
component of the solution with it
...
In
paper chromatography, an absorbent paper represents the stationary stage and the
solutions represent the mobile stage
...
You want to
know what these solutions consist of and how many components there are
...
After
they are spotted they are left to dry and this process repeats another two or three times
...
This paper is suspended in a cylinder-shaped, hollow glass container
...
It must be below the pencil line on the paper
...
Saturating the atmosphere in the beaker with vapour
stops the solvent from evaporating as it rises up the paper
...
The different components of the solutions travel
at different rates and are separated into different coloured spots
...
This can be used to
determine if a product is pure or not
...
25 = 0
...
10
leu = 0
...
25 = 0
...
88
lys = 2
...
25 = 0
...
20
Actual values:
asp = 0
...
73
lys = 0
...
14 x 100 = 14% percentage error
leu = 0
...
06 x 100 = 6% percentage error
Due to the results being close to the data book values, I can conclude that my results were
not accurate and valid
...
Unit 13- Assignment 1- M3
Tertiary Structure:
The protein molecule will bend and twist in such a way as to achieve maximum stability or lowest
energy state
...
Under physiologic conditions, the hydrophobic side-chains of neutral, non-polar amino acids tend to
be buried on the interior of the protein molecule
...
The alkyl groups
often form hydrophobic interactions between one-another, while aromatic groups often stack
together
...
The formation of disulphide bridges by oxidation of the sulfhydryl groups on is an important aspect
of the stabilization of protein tertiary structure
...
Also, hydrogen bonds may form between different side-chain
groups
...
Ionic interactions between positively and
negatively charged sites on amino acid side chains, also help to stabilize the tertiary structure of a
protein
...
The quaternary structure refers to how
these protein subunits interact with each other and arrange themselves, to form a larger aggregate
protein complex
...
Unit 13- Assignment 1- D1
Glucose:
Glucose is an efficient source of energy
...
As the numbers are OH groups are high, it allows hydrogen to bond with
oxygen with ease; this therefore makes it water soluble
...
Starch:
Starches are polymers of glucose
...
Amylose consists of linear,
unbranched chains of glucose units
...
Amylopectin differs from amylose, as it is highly branched
...
Plants convert excess glucose into starch for
storage
...
The hydrolysis of starch is
done by amylases
...
A different amylase is needed to break
the bonds of amylopectin
...
The branches in glycogen tend to
be short and frequent
...
In this
reaction, phosphate groups break the linkages
...
The liver and skeletal muscle are major storages of glycogen
...
Cellulose is a polysaccharide
with glucose as its monomer
...
The orientation
of the glycosidic bonds linking the glucose residues This makes a long, straight, rigid molecule
...
The absence of side chains allows these linear
molecules to lie close together
...
This results
in turgid, elongated fibrils - efficient for building the cell walls of plants
...
It is the main component
of tendons, which connect skeletal muscles to bone
...
A collagen
molecule is made up of three polypeptide chains wound around each other and each of the three
chains is itself a coil made up of around 1000 amino acids, Hydrogen bonds form between the chains
providing structural strength
...
Type 1, 2, and 3 collagen
molecules pack together to form long thin fibrils of similar structure
...
Several other types are like fibril-type collagens
...
Numerous epithelial cells make certain types of collagens
...
This result in a collagen fibril,
many fibrils form a collagen fibre
...
Collagen also prevents blood that is being
pumped at high pressure from bursting the walls of arteries
Haemoglobin
Haemoglobin is a water soluble globular protein which is composed of two α polypeptide chains,
two β polypeptide chains and an inorganic prosthetic haem group
...
Haemoglobin has a quaternary
structure made up of 4 separate polypeptide chains
...
All 4 polypeptide chains
are linked to form a roughly spherical haemoglobin molecule
...
The hydrophilic groups are arranged
around the outside of the molecule
...
Attached to each polypeptide chain is a prosthetic haem group with an Fe2+
ion
...
Human haemoglobin has four polypeptide
chains and four haem groups and can therefore carry 4 x O2 molecules
...
Title: BTEC Applied Science Unit 13 Assignment 1
Description: Unit 13: Biochemistry and Biochemical Techniques – Assignment 1 Biological Molecules Task 1 Draw a water molecule and describe its structure. Define monomer, dimer and polymer. This provides evidence for P1 Task 2 Identify the structures of carbohydrates Draw diagrams to show the structural formula of: alpha glucose beta glucose maltose sucrose By referring to diagrams identify the structure of the following molecules, naming the monomers and bonds in each: Starch Cellulose Glycogen This provides evidence for P1 Task 3 Either draw or provide a diagram of a triglyceride. Name the parts of the molecule and name any intermolecular bonds present. This provides evidence for P1 Task 4 Use chromatography to separate the pigments found in chlorophyll. Produce a set of detailed instructions and include the chromatography paper that shows the separation. This provides evidence for P2 Task 5 Using diagrams to illustrate describe the primary and secondary structure of proteins. Name the bonds involved in the structures. This provides evidence for P3 Task 6 Use chromatography to separate the amino acids in a sample. Produce a set of detailed instructions. Include the chromatography paper that shows the separation. Calculate the rF value for at least one of the amino acids. This provides evidence for M1 Task 7 Using diagrams to illustrate describe and explain the tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins. Name the bonds involved in the structures. This provides evidence for M2 Task 8 Explain how the structure of glucose, starch, glycogen and cellulose helps to adapt the molecules for their function. This provides evidence for D1 Task 9 Describe the structure of collagen and haemoglobin, as examples of fibrous and globular proteins, respectively. For each one explain how their structure is related to their function This provides evidence for D2 Exam board is Pearson ALL ASSIGNMENTS I HAVE UPLOADED ARE DISTINCTION GRADED.
Description: Unit 13: Biochemistry and Biochemical Techniques – Assignment 1 Biological Molecules Task 1 Draw a water molecule and describe its structure. Define monomer, dimer and polymer. This provides evidence for P1 Task 2 Identify the structures of carbohydrates Draw diagrams to show the structural formula of: alpha glucose beta glucose maltose sucrose By referring to diagrams identify the structure of the following molecules, naming the monomers and bonds in each: Starch Cellulose Glycogen This provides evidence for P1 Task 3 Either draw or provide a diagram of a triglyceride. Name the parts of the molecule and name any intermolecular bonds present. This provides evidence for P1 Task 4 Use chromatography to separate the pigments found in chlorophyll. Produce a set of detailed instructions and include the chromatography paper that shows the separation. This provides evidence for P2 Task 5 Using diagrams to illustrate describe the primary and secondary structure of proteins. Name the bonds involved in the structures. This provides evidence for P3 Task 6 Use chromatography to separate the amino acids in a sample. Produce a set of detailed instructions. Include the chromatography paper that shows the separation. Calculate the rF value for at least one of the amino acids. This provides evidence for M1 Task 7 Using diagrams to illustrate describe and explain the tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins. Name the bonds involved in the structures. This provides evidence for M2 Task 8 Explain how the structure of glucose, starch, glycogen and cellulose helps to adapt the molecules for their function. This provides evidence for D1 Task 9 Describe the structure of collagen and haemoglobin, as examples of fibrous and globular proteins, respectively. For each one explain how their structure is related to their function This provides evidence for D2 Exam board is Pearson ALL ASSIGNMENTS I HAVE UPLOADED ARE DISTINCTION GRADED.