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Biology Review
Cell Parts and Functions
Cell: the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic
and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane
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Cell Membrane:
- Protect cells from surrounding
- Made of phospholipid Bilayer of embedded proteins
- Is selectively permeable
- Essentially regulates movement in and out of the cell
Cell Plate:
- A plate that develops at the midpoint between the two groups of chromosomes in
a dividing plant cell and involves forming the wall between the 2 daughter cells
- At the plane of equator that separates sets of chromosomes during cytokinesis
Cell Wall:
- Present in bacteria, fungi, algae, and plant cells
- Completely permeable
- Made of Cellulose which is a complex carbohydrate
- What defines if an organism can move or not
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- The importance of cell division is that all cells come from pre-existing cells
according to cell theory
- Cell Division is needed for
- Healing and Tissue Repair
- Growth of Living Organisms (100 Trillion cells in the human body
and they all started as 1)
- Reproduction of Organisms
Interphase: Essentially the cell grows and makes copy of organelles and DNA
- G1 Phase: The first gap phase where the cell grows physically larger, copies
organelles, and makes molecular building blocks it will need for later
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Duplicates
microtubule organizing structure called Centrosomes
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- G2 Phase: The cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles and recognizes
its content in preparation for Mitosis
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Anaphase:
- Centrioles are now at opposite poles of the cell
- Sister chromatids move toward opposite poles of the cell

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Telophase:
- Chromatid becomes thinner and uncoils to turn back into chromatin
- Nuclear membrane and nucleolus appear again
- Cell membrane starts to move inwards (cleavage forms)

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DNA:

Spindle fibers disappear
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Is a self replicating material
found in nearly all living organisms
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Chromatin: Loose, uncoiled DNA
Chromosomes: Tightly coiled DNA and different species have different amounts of
Chromosomes
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Replication: Before Mitosis, the nucleus creates a copy of its chromatin and that's
called replication
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The nucleus
makes an identical copy of its own genetic information so there are 2 complete sets of
DNA
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These
are nucleotide bases bonded together with weak hydrogen bonds
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What holds the nucleotide bases together essentially
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This creates 2 new strands of DNA with combinations of A-T and C-G

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