Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

Biology Review
Cell Parts and Functions
Cell: the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic
and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane
...

Cell Membrane:
- Protect cells from surrounding
- Made of phospholipid Bilayer of embedded proteins
- Is selectively permeable
- Essentially regulates movement in and out of the cell
Cell Plate:
- A plate that develops at the midpoint between the two groups of chromosomes in
a dividing plant cell and involves forming the wall between the 2 daughter cells
- At the plane of equator that separates sets of chromosomes during cytokinesis
Cell Wall:
- Present in bacteria, fungi, algae, and plant cells
- Completely permeable
- Made of Cellulose which is a complex carbohydrate
- What defines if an organism can move or not
...

- The importance of cell division is that all cells come from pre-existing cells
according to cell theory
- Cell Division is needed for
- Healing and Tissue Repair
- Growth of Living Organisms (100 Trillion cells in the human body
and they all started as 1)
- Reproduction of Organisms
Interphase: Essentially the cell grows and makes copy of organelles and DNA
- G1 Phase: The first gap phase where the cell grows physically larger, copies
organelles, and makes molecular building blocks it will need for later
...
Duplicates
microtubule organizing structure called Centrosomes
...

- G2 Phase: The cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles and recognizes
its content in preparation for Mitosis
...


-

Anaphase:
- Centrioles are now at opposite poles of the cell
- Sister chromatids move toward opposite poles of the cell

-

Telophase:
- Chromatid becomes thinner and uncoils to turn back into chromatin
- Nuclear membrane and nucleolus appear again
- Cell membrane starts to move inwards (cleavage forms)

-

-

DNA:

Spindle fibers disappear
...
Is a self replicating material
found in nearly all living organisms
...

Chromatin: Loose, uncoiled DNA
Chromosomes: Tightly coiled DNA and different species have different amounts of
Chromosomes
...

Replication: Before Mitosis, the nucleus creates a copy of its chromatin and that's
called replication
...
The nucleus
makes an identical copy of its own genetic information so there are 2 complete sets of
DNA
...
These
are nucleotide bases bonded together with weak hydrogen bonds
...
What holds the nucleotide bases together essentially
...

This creates 2 new strands of DNA with combinations of A-T and C-G
...

Stage Clips: Holds the slide in place
Diaphragm: Is a rotating dish under the stage
...
Varies in magnification and
provides majority of the image enhancement
...

Revolving Nosepiece: Can be rotated to easily change the magnification
...
Usually 10x power
...

Fine Adjustment Knob: Inside coarse adjustment and allows the specimen to
have a sharp focus under low power and is used for all focusing with high power
lenses
...


Letter E Lab
The slide is moved

The images moves

To the left

To the right

To the right

To the left

Towards the observer

Away from the observer

Away from the observer

Towards the observer

Observation:
● This means that the opposite action occur
● Letters also are inverted
● As magnification was increased, the size of field decreases as it results in a
bigger view of the letter e
...
Write name in the top right corner
2
...
Always use pencil
4
...
All labels known should be on the right side of the diagram
6
...
Draw only what you observe

Cancer:
-

Cancer is abnormal cell division and growth
...

Tumour:
- A mass of cells that are formed from uncontrolled cell division
- Benign Tumour:
- The cells are NOT cancerous
...

-

Malignant Tumour:
- The cells ARE cancerous
...


-

Metastasis: The process of cancer cells breaking away from the tumour and
forming a tumour somewhere else in the body
...

Causes of Cancers:
Mutations:
- Random changes in DNA
- Can cause cells to divide out of control
- Can be caused by carcinogens
Carcinogens:
- Environmental factors that cause cancer
- Tobacco smoke, radiation, viruses, and chemicals in plastic (BPA)
Hereditary:
- DNA passed to the next generation may contain information that leads to cancer
- Some breast cancers and colon cancers
Cancer Screening:
Checking for cancer even if you do not have symptoms is good because if you find
cancer earlier the better the chance you have of surviving
...
In
agriculture, a form of genetic testing known as progeny testing can be used to
evaluate the quality of breeding stock
Self Exams:
- To check for some forms of testicular and breast cancer
Pap Tests:
- To detect cervical cancer
...

PSA Tests:
- Blood test to check for prostate cancer
...
Is a protein
produced by both cancerous and non cancerous tissue in the prostate

---