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Q
...
Management in all business areas and
organizational activities are the acts of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and
objectives efficiently and effectively
...

The art of planning, co-coordinating, & controlling on industrial activity is called ​industrial
management
...
James Lundy says, ‘’Management is principally a task of planning, co-coordinating,
motivating & controlling the efforts of others towards a specific objective
...
’’
·
H
...
’’
·
According to Scanlan & kinz, “Management is the coordination & integration of all
resources, both human & technical to accomplish various specific results
...
”
So it is clear that management comprises, planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing,
and controlling an organization effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal
...


Q
...

ANS:
THE OBJECTIVES (GOALS) OF MANAGEMENT
Management is a social process
...

The objectives of management are given below:
1
...


​Survival & growth:

The main objective of management is to secure maximum outputs with minimum efforts &
resources
...
This combination
results in reduction of various costs
...

Because, business world too much dynamic
...
Pitter F
...
”
3
...

4
...
This in turn helps in
providing maximum benefits to the employee in the shape of good working condition, suitable
wage system, incentive plans on the one hand & higher profits to the employer on the other
hand
...


​Human betterment & social justice:

Management serves as a tool for the upliftment as well as betterment of the society
...
It provides justice through its uniform policies
...


Development of material resources
...


Creating vast market & ensuring mass production
...


Supply of quality goods at a competitive price
...


Development of product line
...


Ensuring maximum customer services
...


Creating production oriented working environment
...


Development of labor-management relationship
...
WHAT ARE THE MAJOR ACTIVITIES (FUNCTIONS) OF MANAGEMENT?
ANS:
MAJOR ACTIVITIES (FUNCTIONS) OF MANAGEMENT :
Management operates through various functions, often classified as
1
...


organizing,

3
...


Controlling/monitoring
...
) and generating plans for action
...
”
Organizing: Prof
...
”(Implementation)

●

●

●
●

making optimum use of the resources required to enable the successful carrying out of
plans
...
M
...
Job analyzing, recruitment, and hiring individuals
for appropriate jobs
...
L
...
”Determining what needs
to be done in a situation and getting people to do it
...

Motivation : M
​
...
Motivation is also a kind of basic function of management, because
without motivation, employees cannot work effectively
...


Q: WHAT IS MOTIVATION?
ANS:
MOTIVATION:
The word Motivation originated from “Motive” which means want, need, impulse or drive
...
”
They want impulse or drive finds expression through motive
...
It is
motive which prompts a person to action
...

Motivation is the key to work performance
...
Motivation is said to be ​intrinsic or
extrinsic​
...
This article refers to human motivation
...
Conceptually, motivation
should not be confused with either ​volition or ​optimism​
...
Motivation determines the human behavior
...

Various definitions of motivation are given below:
·
George R Terry defined motivation as,” the desire within an individual that stimulates him
or her to action”
·
Dotton E
...
”
·
Michal J
...
”

·
Edwin B
...
”
·
M
...
Gannon says, “Motivation basically means an individual’s needs, desires, & concepts
that cause him or her to act in a particular manner
...
Gibson says, “Motivation may be defined as the state of individual’s perspective
which represents the strength of his or her propensity to exert effort toward some particular
behavior
...
”

Q: EXPLAIN DIFFERENT MOTIVATING FACTORS USED IN MANAGEMENT PROCESS
...
This is possible if the intensity to work willingly of a person is increased, people are
to be motivated
...
e
...
:
1
...
Non-financial means of motivation
These are explained below:
1
...
The workers will interest on their job only when they get their desired facilities
...
When they become financially solvent, they perform their
work more actively
...

The elements of this motivation are given below:
1
...
Profit sharing
3
...
Financial security
5
...
Accommodation facilities
7
...
Medicare facilities
9
...

Rewards
11
...

Canteen facilities

1) ​Fair wages:
Fair wages is an effective instrument in the hands of a manager for inspiring people at work
...

2) ​Profit sharing:
Generally owner is the main obtained of the profit
...
Thus a company may develop
...
Usually,
during special occasions bonus is given through the workers & subordinates
...
So they can actively perform their work
...


4) ​Financial security:
Every worker has a desire to future financial security
...


5) ​ Advance:
At present in our country many company gives advance to the worker or subordinates from their
provident fund against their raw wages
...
This also inflamed them to work properly
...
If a worker has no good
accommodation facilities he or she cannot give concentration to his/her work
...
If it is not possible to manage
accommodation facilities for the workers an allowance should be managed for them
...
So the managers have a responsibility to manage
the transportation facilities for the workers & subordinates
...
For this reason they awakened to work
...
It will reduce misunderstanding & build up good human relations
...
If the workers are motivated internally they
present a good job
...
Thus a
company may failure to earn profit
...


9) ​Promotion:
Promotion is concerned with a question of rising financial convenience
...
So efficient employee should be promoted & suitably rewarded
...
The employees perform their work
properly
...

11 ​Rationing facilities:
The rationing facilities at a very lower cost incite the employees to work
...

12 ​Canteen facilities:
By working a long time workers become tired
...
But
time value of a company is most important
...
By
taking this process time is properly utilized abreast of recreation of the employees
...
The
elements of this motivation are given below:
1
...
Security
3
...
Personal power & rights
5
...
Appreciation of worthwhile work
7
...
Democratic management
9
...

10
...

Granting union right
12
...

Creating education facilities
14
...
The working place
should have well ventilation, net & clean, sufficient healthy latrines, canteen facilities, restroom,
etc
...


2) ​Security:
Job security should be ensured to the employees
...
It
may not be benedictory for a company
...
So the work must be
attractive for them
...
They want to
get personal power & rights beside with fundamental rights at their job sectors
...

5) ​Fair treatment:
Proper & fair treatment is given to the employee
...

6) ​Appreciation of worthwhile work:
Human loves to hear the appreciation of worthwhile work & impressed by it
...


7) ​Training facilities:
Proper & adequate training to the employee is to be provided
...
It is benedictory for the development of any company
...
Before taking a serious decision their opinion are considered
...
They develop a sense of belonging
to the organization leading to high morale
...
So it is necessary to establish
equity among them
...
By this union they can express their
opinions
...


13)
​Creating education facilities:
Employees work at industry whole day
...
They cannot
educate their child
...
For this reason the company
should have to create education facilities to their children
...

14)
​ Other motivational arrangements:
Other motivational arrangements include:
·
Sports facilities for the workers
...

·
Arranging picnic
...

·
Proper division of work
...

·
Proper management also plays a great role in boosting up morale of the workers
...

·
The management should make necessary effort to find out reasons for employees
dissatisfaction if any prevailing among them
...
To get all these necessities one
has to possess money
...
Money is an indispensable
thing like oxygen for survival which can buy anything to everything in this world
...
Money makes the world go round, and nowhere is this
truer than in the workplace
...
This is the sole reason why money attracts people, exhibiting its
novel character of being a great motivator at work places
...

There are some circumstances where money is the best recognition for extra work, there are
other times it is inappropriate
...
People are motivated by
money the most, and cash is a fair and effective way for management to show appreciation to
hardworking staff
...


But, in the same time this is demeaning, trivializing, and bad for morale
...
Some employees have financial goals, others have professional goals, and
others have personal goals
...
Since every
person is motivated by something different, money may not work for every employee
...
These people do not often need rewards or
encouragement to keep them motivated to complete or finish a task
...
Others are extrinsically motivated, or need outside forces to keep them interested in
completing a chore or tasks
...

For these above reason money is considered as a powerful motivator
...

ANS:
PLANNING:
Planning is the first function of management
...
It involves setting
of goals, objectives and deciding the line of actions
...
Planning helps manager to look into future
...
It is thinking before doing
...

Definitions from the scholars are below​:
·
George R
...

·
Koonts O’Donnell:- “Planning is an intellectually demanding process; it requires the
conscious determination of courses of action and the basing of decision on purposes,
knowledge and considered estimates”
...
E
...
It involves the
selection of objectives, policies, procedures and programmers from among alternatives”
...

·
W
...
Newman and Charles E
...
:- “The process of planning covers a wide
range of activities, all the way from initially sensing that some thing needs doing to firmly
deciding who does what when……… It is a combination of all these that culminates in a
decision about what should be done
...
Planning is a
thinking process which is needed for Future
...
It is
necessary function at all management levels, top, middle and lower
...

(1) ​Planning is a continuous process:- Planning determines the objectives which is to
be accomplished in future
...
Plan is an instrument to attain the predefined goal in future
...
This change demands changes in the plan to meet the future
requirements
...

(2)
...
It is goal oriented
...
It prepares a blue print for attaining
objectives of the enterprise
...
Planning is all pervasive:- Planning concerns all managers
...
The top management concerns with strategic planning, middle management
looks after administrative planning and lower level management deals with operative planning
...
​Planning is the primary function:- Planning is the first function of management
...
Other managerial functions are designed to support the
attainment of objectives of the enterprise
...
Thus all other managerial functions are to be planned to make them effective
...
​Planning facilitates efficiency:- Planning brings about efficiency in operations
...

(6)
...
Process of planning is accommodative
...
​Planning helps in coordination:​ - Planning attains the coordination between different
departments of the organization
...
Coordination is the essence of management
...
​Planning has certain limitations:- Planning has certain limiting factors such as money, men,
machinery materials
...


Q:​ ​WHAT ARE THE CHARECTERESTICS OF A GOOD PLAN?
ANS:
THE CHARECTERESTICS OF A GOOD PLAN”
Characteristics of a good plan are given below
...


§ It should provide necessary guidelines and standard of performance
...
It should be accommodative
...

§ It should be realistic, possible and reasonable
...
e
...

§ It should usher prosperity and growth of the enterprise
...
EXPLAIN DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLANNING
...
The planning
process involved various steps which are discussed as below:
[#] Clarifying the problem: The first step in the process of planning is to define the problem
clearly and precisely for which the plan is to be formulated
...

[#] Securing complete information and making analysis: Sufficient information is required to
decide the action to be taken
...

Several factors govern the activities to be planned
...
External factors include political and socio-economic conditions, fiscal policy of the
govt
...
Internal factors are including resources, men, machines, technical
knowhow, policies, strategies, budgets etc
...

[#] Ascertaining planning premises and constraints: After making the analysis of information
collected certain assumptions are to be made regarding future
...
Existence of govt
...
In the light of
these assumptions and limitations alternative plans are to be determined
...
All these alternatives should be found out and are evaluated in the right of the
organizations requirements
...
The operations research
has provided various methods to evaluate different alternatives
...
If it is found that more than one alternative are equally good and viable then manager
may prefer their combination in executing a plan
...
This helps in maintaining the continuity of operation
...
These plans play a supportive role
...
It is therefore necessary to
provide for follow up to see whether everything is going according to plans
...
e
...


Q
...

ANS:
Advantages of planning are given below​:Ø The achievement of goals or objectives of the enterprise become easier because planning
enables the direction of efforts towards predetermined objectives
...

Ø Planning enables the enterprise to make sufficient adjustment to adapt to future changes
...
All the activities can be coordinated in a
systematic way to achieve the goals of the business enterprise
...
Planning helps management to adopt
modern methods of operation and to improve the quality of product to attract the customer
...

Ø Planning provides sufficient insight to the managers to avoid mistakes
...
Planning determines the times for starting and
completing the projects, set standards of performance
...
Budget is one of the effecting controlling tools in the hands of manager
...
Coordination is the
essence of management
...

Ø Planning facilitates through examination of alternatives
...


Question: DEFINE DECISION MAKING & EXPLAIN DIFFERENT STAGES IN DECISION
MAKING
...
Decision making is the principal
responsibility of a manager
...
One decision is followed by a series of decisions
...

Problem solving refers to finding and implementing a course of action
...
This makes the manager’s job challenging
...
It is an intellectual process
...
Terry:- “Decision making is the selection based on some criteria from two
or more possible alternatives
...
S
...
To decide means ‘to cut off’ or in practical content, “to
come to a conclusion”
...
Moore:- “Decision making is a blend of thinking, deciding and acting”
...
It’s a routine procedure for him but the vital
aspect in the decision making is its implementation
...


DIFFERENT STAGES IN DECISION MAKING:
The process of decision making involves various stages, steps, phases or procedures which are
followed for arriving at a correct decision
...
They are to be
taken in the light of various aspects concerning the organization
...

1
...
Problem does not surface without
a search
...
Some difficulties arise in finding it about more time should not be
wasted to crystallize it
...

Correct diagnosis of the problem can be done if manager knows the difference between the
expected results and the existing actual situation, the main cause of the gulf
...

2
...
The following elements should be kept in mind while classifying the problem
...

b) Impact of the decision on various functions
...


The object of analyzing the problem is to confirm that the decision takes a comprehensive view
of the entire business
...
At such times manager must have adequate knowledge
about the information which is not available
...

3
...
A manager has to develop alternative solutions to solve the problem
already traced
...
After having all the
possible courses of action at hand, a manager has to think before picking up any alternatives
...
He also has to see about the consequences if no
action is taken
...
Everything depends upon the situation
prevailing in the organization
...
Choosing the best solution: These alternative courses of action should now be evaluated
...
The evaluation of
alternative solutions can be done on the basis of risk involved, economy of efforts, time, and
limitations imposed by resources
...
The pros and cons of each solution are considered and best among them are chosen
...
Implementing the decision: Implementation of decision reveals its effectiveness and
significance of achieving the desired results
...
To make the decision effective, it should be made known to the
personnel’s, in their language, who participates in its execution
...
The deviations if any are informed immediately in clear and
understandable language
...
This gives them opportunity to participate in decision making
process which promotes sense of belonging to the organization
...

It observed by the top management that many problems of very small magnitude arise during
principal decision making process thus several decisions are to be made at every level and
stage
...

ANS:
Manager has to make different decisions under different conditions
...

(I)
Major and minor decisions: According to their magnitude and importance decisions
are classified into major and minor decisions
...
e
...
Such decisions are usually taken

by the management
...
e
...
Purchase of stationary items like, papers, ink, pens, pins etc
...
They are basic, vital having long term impact
...
Operating decisions, on the other hand, are taken by middle
and lower level management concerning operations of the enterprise
...
Such decisions are of routine nature and are taken in the light of overall
policy of the enterprise
...
Group decisions are those taken by a group of people of the organization by forming a
committee of experts for a specific object
...
The decision taken by such committee is
readily acceptable but final responsibility rests on executive for its implementation
...
They decide concerning the common interest of the enterprise
...
These are tactical
decisions, repetitive in nature, important and can be taken quickly as they do not require new
data and its analysis
...

Strategic decisions are basic decisions, more important in nature taken by top management
...

Strategy of the enterprise is decided as regards, product, pricing, marketing etc
...


(V)
Organizational and personal decisions: When an executive of the enterprise acts in
his official capacity and makes decisions in the interest of organization, are known as
organizational decisions
...
On the other hand personal decisions are taken by the
executive in his personal capacity relates with his person e
...
:- A manager resigns from the
enterprise for a better position in the other
...
This does not affect the
organizational behavior
...

(VI) Programmed and non-programmed decisions: Every organization has standing orders,
procedures or policies
...
The decisions taken are known as programmed decisions
...
The decisions pertaining to these can be taken by the superintendent or section in charge
...

Non-programmed decisions, on the other hand crop up due to unstructured problems
...
e
...
the workers remaining absent a
month without permission from their work
...


Question: What is ISO 9000? Explain the need for ISO 9000
...
It is a
phenomenon that has shaken the world
...
ISO 9000
standards have now been adopted by many countries of the world
...
To a customer it is a guaranty of quality
...
ISO 9000 quality standards are
gaining importance and becoming essential for doing business across the globe
...
The principal of ISO 9000 are applicable to any
company and define basic belief and specifies procedures for the company to meet the
consumers’ needs
...
ISO 9000 standards
are altogether different from usual engineering standards
...
On the differing ISO 9000 standards
focus on generic proficiency in quality management
...

Need for ISO 9000​:In the present scenario of globalization and liberalization of economy the need for adopting
global quality standards internationalizing engineering activities, industrial and business is felt
...
Quality requirements and quality
assurance have gained momentum and being appreciated globally
...
Not only should this but they be eco friendly, cost effective and reliable
...
ISO 9000 specifies the
guidelines for implementing and maintaining a quality system in the organization
...
It necessitates top managements’ total support and commitment to
quality
...
It declares
organization’s firm commitment to quality and makes it known to the employees and customers
...
It provides base for implementing total quality management and enables
consistency in quality of goods and service
...
The need to adopt ISO 9000 standards in also felt because European Union has
adopted ISO 9000 as its quality system standard and made it compulsory to the countries
exporting their products to them, it has also adopted by UK and USA, easy to face completion
globally, image building among customers, facilitates organization change and development,
global recognition for quality etc
...
The business process is redesigning
them
...
The organization will then achieve total quality
management
...


Question: What are the elements of ISO 9000 series of standard for quality system?
Ans:
ISO 9000 series of standards have five documents
...
Out of these ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9003 are the models of
quality assurance while ISO 9000 provides the guidelines for using this document
...

S
...


ISO standards

Equivalent
standard

Specification (Requirements)

1
...


2
...


3
...


4
...


5
...
These are the specifications for
internal use
...
It means it has to decide which
clauses of the standard important and need to be implemented
...
ISO 9001 standard has as many as 20 clauses need to be implemented by the
organization
...
While initiating the scheme of ISO quality standards it is assumed
that ISO 9004 is already implemented by the company to make sure the internal quality system
...
ISO 9003 consists of contractual
elements which help in selecting the contractual standards
...


Question: DEFINE PERSIONEL MANAGEMENT
...

ANS:
Personal Management:​
Personal or human resource management has now assumed great importance
...

Various definition of personal management of various experts is given below:
v Willium Spriegal: - “Personal Management is concerned with the attaining of maximum
individual development, desirable, working relationships between employers and employees
and an effective molding of human resources as contrasted with physical resources
...
Appley: - “Management is the development of people and not the direction of
things_ _ _
...
Management is personal administration
...
”
v Pigors and Myers: - “Personal administration is a line responsibility and staff functions
...
Personal specialists help line manager in providing advice, counsel, service and
various types of controls to secure uniform administration of personal policies designed to
achieve organizational objectives
...
Flippo :- “the planning, organizing, directing and controlling of the procurement,
development, compensation, integration, maintenance
...
”
Personal management is the important branch of total management which deals with the people
at work
...
The executives and managers are meant to organize
and coordinate the activities of the people working under their supervision at each level of
management
...
These bind them into an organization
...
The people at work are to be
motivated by paying due attention to their various needs to take the work for them
...
It requires special training and efforts
...

Functions of personal management​: Personal management plays a pivotal role in the
enterprise
...
The functions of the personnel
management are grouped into two categories, Managerial and Operative functions
...

·
Planning: - The personnel manager has to determine in advance the personnel policies
and programmes and how to attain the coordination between them
...

·
Organizing: - The grouping of people by establishing relationship between authority and
responsibility is organization
...
The personnel at various levels must be endowed
with the required authority for extracting work from their subordinates and workers
...

·
Directing: Direction involves getting the work done through workers and subordinates
within the fixed time period by the superiors
...

·
Controlling: - Controlling is concerned with observing the performance and correcting the
deviations if any from the set standards
...
Manpower planning and control
are related to each other
...


Ø Employment or Procurement: Employment function of personal management involves
searching the sources of human resources and tapping them and keeping the record of
prospective human resources
...

Ø Development: - Development in proper perspective of the personnel is essential
...
In the changing scenario of economic
development and increasing competition it has become essential for the organization to provide
training to the employees for better performance
...
They are to be followed
...
A
care has been taken that the wages and salaries must be satisfactory and fair
...

Ø Financial Assistance to Employees:- Every organization may initiate the schemes that help
employees financially
...

Ø Maintenance:- The function involves providing good and healthy working condition
...


Ø Other functions:- There are several other miscellaneous functions are to be performed
...


Q
...
DISCUSS VARIOUS TYPES OF LEADERSHIP
...
A
leader influences the members of his group by his own performances of work and his behavior
with the member
...
When leader and group
member are working together the frequency of interaction between the two shall be high
...


Koontz and O'Donnell -“Leadership is generally defined simply as influence, the art or process
of influencing people so that they will strive willingly towards the achievement of group goals
...
Barnard- “It refers to the equality of behavior of the individual whereby they guide
people on their activities in organized efforts
...


TYPES OF LEADERSHIP:
Types of leadership depend upon the attitudes of a leader towards the worker or employees
...
These are
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...
Developmental, the thrust is on towards developing the employee potentials
...
Autocratic or Authoritarian Leadership:In this type a leader issues orders and instructions and insists compliance
...
He does not allow his subordinates to influence the decision
...

Flipo divides autocratic leadership into
a) Hard Boiled Or Strict Autocrat who uses negative influence and expects that his order
should be obeyed by the employees
...

c) Manipulative autocrat who creates a feeling in the minds of the subordinates that they
are participating in decision making process
...
Democratic or participative style of leadership:A democratic leader consults the subordinates and workers invite their suggestions and takes
the decision and issues orders
...
In this
style of leadership leader sues little authority and more potential of workers for exercising
control
...


3
...
The
responsibility for decision making is also passed over to the group of employees
...

4
...
All workers are together like a family
...
It believes on the concept that the happy employees work harder
...
Job-Centered and Employee Centered Supervision:Rensis Likert has divided the supervisors into two types, employee- centered and Job-centered
...
the job-centered supervisors look after performance of
tasks according to the prescribed standers, methods, rates and time
...
WHAT IS ORGANIZATION? EXPLAIN THE IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIZATION
...

Organization is grouping of activities and putting under different departments according to their
functions
...

The management experts have given vivid definitions of organization as a managerial function
...

Willium Spriegal -" In its broadest sense, organization refers to the relationship between the
various factors present in a given Endeavour
...
From the standpoint of the enterprise as a whole,
organization is the structure of relationship between the various factors in as enterprise
...
"
Mooney and Railey - "Organization is the form of every human association for the attainment of
a common purpose
...
The following factors underline its
importance as a managerial function
...

​Organization facilitates management - A well knit organization help in performance of other
managerial functions planning, directing, staffing, leading, motivating and controlling
...


2
...
This helps in growth and expansion of the enterprise
...

3
...
It requires proper organizational
structure for installation of modern machinery which increases productivity
...
​It facilitates maximum use of person: - Organization is the group activity
...
Expansion of the enterprise needs more persons to work in it
...

​It fosters co-ordinates - Coordinates among different personnel working in a department
and between different department s of an enterprise is necessary
...

6
...

This encourages specialization which leads to higher production
...


Q
...

​Objectives: - Every enterprise has to accomplish some objective or goal
...
Objectives determine the structure of
organization
...

​Span of control​: - It refers to the number of subordinates a manager can control
and supervise
...
At the most six may be prescribed for this
purpose
...
​ ​Scalar Principle​: - Subordinates must know his superior
...

​Unity of Command​: - Each subordinate should receive order from one superior or
boss
...

5
...

6
...

Every person should be assigned the work according to his efficiency
...

​Authority and responsibility: - proper and adequate authority is delegated to the
subordinate for performing the assigned task and he should realize the responsibilities
of the work
...

​Effective communication​: - effective and simple communication systems help in
remove confusion and doubts
...

​Continuity: - Every change should be reflective in the organization
...

10
...

11
...

12
...
All
the routine matters should be dealt with by lower level managers and others
subordinates
...

​Efficiency: - The organization should be cost effective
...

14
...

15
...


Q
...

ANS:
​CONTROL:
George R
...
"
According to Peter Ducker, "Control maintains the equilibrium between ends and means, output
and efforts
...
Control points out the mistakes
...
A
manager must exercise control over his subordinates to see that the delegated authority is
utilized properly
...
It is the concluding function
of management
...
Control although a last function of management plays an important role in
evaluating plans, organization, leadership, direction, communicating technique etc
...


Q EXPLAINS THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PLANNING & CONTROL
...
There is no control without planning
...
Planning determines standards for performance
...
With the help of control management knows whether the plans
need to be revised
...
Control Moves
this targets to reach their predetermined ends
...
Control is necessary for every planned activity
...
Control is effective only in case of
planned activity; not the unplanned one i
...
planning facilitates control
...

Q
...
​ Control forms a base for future action
...

2
...

Through control managers are able to utilize the delegated authority properly
...

Control provides discipline in the organization
...
They become cautions and serious in their work
...

It has an impact on decision making
...
So right decisions at right time are taken
...

Control ensures coordination of the activities of different department through unity of
direction
...
​ Through Control Top management test the effectiveness of policies
...

The factor that is external to the organization can not be controlled
...
g
...

2
...
A lot of time and effort are spent for observing the
performance of subordinates
...

Employee’s resistances to control and manager's inability to fix the responsibility on
individuals render control inactive
...

Standards of performances can not be expressed in quantitative terms
...
These factors also reduced the effectiveness of
Control

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