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PERSONALITY = DYNAMIC STRUCTURE AND IT CAN BE CHANGED OVER TIME
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Organized​, abstract and intangible, ​consistent​, repetitive, influential
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Personality is built off of cognition, feelings and behavior
Why study personality?
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Intrapersonal functions-​ how to react in different situations and with different people
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Be testable
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Simple and make sense
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Observing self and others
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Can misinterpret others
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g
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)
○ Role play
○ Self-monitoring
○ Self-report/Rating scales
○ Subjective and Objective Personality Tests
● Generality:
○ Achieved by:
■ Testing assumptions with as many people as possible
■ Testing assumptions with a VARIETY of subjects or groups
○ Study Sample should be:
LARGE​, DIVERSE, REPRESENTATIVE
↓
INCREASED STATISTICAL POWER
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ALLOW STUDY OF NATURALLY OCCURRING DIFFERENCES
Causality​: relationship between cause and effect ​TELLS US WHY
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problem= confound or 3rd variable problem
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Independent variable: manipulated “the cause”
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Need to have random assignment and random assignment
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Observation method:
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Observer rating: opinions, rating scales
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Interview method:
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Unstructured clinical interview
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Subjective personality tests:
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Response to ambiguous stimuli, project inner emotions and conflicts
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Thematic Apperception Test
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Questions asked: what is happening in this photo? How are they
feeling in the photo? ect
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“I regret” “i wish”
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Intelligence: IQ test, WAIS-IV

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MMPI
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Carl jung: rational (judging) and irrational (perceiving)
THREATS TO RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY:
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Measure of constructs may not generalize to members of other cultures
THEORY DRIVEN OR DATA DRIVEN?
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Personality = not psychically measurable so need theory and data
Psychoanalytic​: ​Freud

In Freud’s view, what causes anxiety? ​In Freud’s view, anxiety is caused by
the inability of the ego to balance adequately the demands of the id and the
superego
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Freud​: The founder of the psychoanalytic perspective (“first” personality theorist)
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psychoanalysis: Freud’s theory of personality that attribute our actions to
unconscious forces created in childhood unconscious: thoughts or memories that
one is not aware of Personality structure:
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ego - exercises the reality principle; comes up with a plan to balance ego
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Psychosexual stages: ​freud was an “​o​ld ​a​nd ​p​ale​ l​ittle ​g​uy” (mnemonic device for
stages)
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Anal c
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Latent
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based
on the story of oedipus rex identification: happens in phallic stage, identification with the
father fixate: regressing to an earlier stage of psychological development
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Two major, underlying assumptions
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STABILITY of personality
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In other words, unpredictability
is the exception rather than the rule (i
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unpredictability doesn’t define
the essence of personality)
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Type theories:
CARL JUNG
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Myers briggs type indicator
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Sensing-intuition
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Judgement-perception
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Traits predispose one to act in a certain way, regardless of the situation
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Trait theory attempts to ​describe​ behavior and not to develop explanations or
applications
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Continuous variables or DIMENSIONS
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Identify traits needed to explain important human behavior
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Look for causes of trait development
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Extraversion-introversion
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Anxious, depressed, low SE, shy, tense
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Aggressive, cold, impulsive, antisocial
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Group identifies down to 5 major personality traits present in all individuals but varying
in strength BIG FIVE
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O​PENNESS TO EXPERIENCE
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C​ONSCIENTIOUSNESS
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E​XTRAVERSION
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A​GREEABLENESS
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N​EUROTICISM
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CONFLICTING IDEAS: traits are stable but statistics show that only 10-40
percent of variance in behavior can be explained by traits
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Epstein​: measurement error accounts for low correlations and personality coefficients
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solution​= reduce error by measuring behavior over time, many times

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BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE : CHAPTER 4
Twin studies
Assumptions
Personality characteristics are genetically determined
Personality and behavioral tendencies have been determined by evolutionary pressure
personality= result of complex biological system
Inheritance​:
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Temperament​: inherited personality traits present in early childhood
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Buss and Plomin
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Sociability: desire for interaction, social rewards
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Twin studies provide support for heritability of temperaments
NATURE OR NURTURE?
Evolutionary psychology:
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Explain behavior and personality traits by studying roots and benefits to
individual, family, species
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Organism behaves altruistically if behavior benefits other organisms
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Inclusive fitness: helps gene pool survive
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Altruism + attraction: attracted to individuals with similar genetic characteristics
Aka inclusive fitness: because you’re mating with similar people aka genes will
be passed on

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE: CHAPTER 5
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Genetics: refer to unique set of DNA
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Activates and deactivates the cerebral cortex
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EYSENCK: introverts have a HIGHER resting ARAS
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Made up of different cortical structure in brain that regulate pursuit of food, sex
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Responsible for incentive-seeking behavior
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Positive emotionality
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Avoidance / withdrawal system
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Predisposition toward neg emotionality
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Dopamine in approach behavior
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Endocrine system regulates levels of hormones
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Factor analyses: link testosterone to personality thru relationship to dominance, sensation
seeking
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Fight or flight
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Women “tend and befriend”
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Thrill-adventure seeking
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Impulsivity:

a
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Pos correlated with aggression and psychoticism (antisocial behavior)
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High SS = find food and mate, exploration, increased danger
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Genetic SS:
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Without fear factor gene: they failed to learn how to avoid electric shocks
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Hormones
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Cortisol- negatively related to SS
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Personality​: patterns of thinking, feeling and acting
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Psychoanalysis: ​Freud’s theory, treatment of psychological disorders by seeking to
explore and interpret the tensions within a patient's unconscious
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“Dark room”
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Ego: ​conscious part of personality, attempts to MEDIATE between demands of id,
superego and reality
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Oral
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Phallic
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Genital
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Electra complex: ​for girls
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Defense mechanisms: ​egos methods of unconsciously protecting itself against anxiety by
distorting reality
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Regression: ​person faced with anxiety reverts to a less mature pattern of behavior
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Projection: ​unconscious attribution of one's own unacceptable feelings, attitudes
or desires are projected onto someone else
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Rationalization: ​one devises self-justifying but incorrect reasons for one
behavior
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Projective test: ​TAT and Rorschach, where you are given a stimulus and have to project
their own inner feelings
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Rorschach: ​most widely used, inkblots that people are asked to interpret
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Personality inventory: ​associated with trait perspective, questionnaires used to assess
personality traits
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Social-cognitive perspective: ​behavior is the result of interactions between people and
their environment
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Self-serving bias: ​tendency to perceive oneself favorably



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