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PERSONALITY = DYNAMIC STRUCTURE AND IT CAN BE CHANGED OVER TIME
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Organized​, abstract and intangible, ​consistent​, repetitive, influential
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Personality is built off of cognition, feelings and behavior
Why study personality?
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Intrapersonal functions-​ how to react in different situations and with different people
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Be testable
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Simple and make sense
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Observing self and others
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Can misinterpret others
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g
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○ Role play
○ Self-monitoring
○ Self-report/Rating scales
○ Subjective and Objective Personality Tests
● Generality:
○ Achieved by:
■ Testing assumptions with as many people as possible
■ Testing assumptions with a VARIETY of subjects or groups
○ Study Sample should be:
LARGE​, DIVERSE, REPRESENTATIVE
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INCREASED STATISTICAL POWER
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ALLOW STUDY OF NATURALLY OCCURRING DIFFERENCES
Causality​: relationship between cause and effect ​TELLS US WHY
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problem= confound or 3rd variable problem
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Independent variable: manipulated “the cause”
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Need to have random assignment and random assignment
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Observation method:
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Observer rating: opinions, rating scales
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Interview method:
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Unstructured clinical interview
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Subjective personality tests:
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Response to ambiguous stimuli, project inner emotions and conflicts
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Thematic Apperception Test
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Questions asked: what is happening in this photo? How are they
feeling in the photo? ect
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“I regret” “i wish”
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Intelligence: IQ test, WAIS-IV

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MMPI
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Carl jung: rational (judging) and irrational (perceiving)
THREATS TO RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY:
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Measure of constructs may not generalize to members of other cultures
THEORY DRIVEN OR DATA DRIVEN?
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Personality = not psychically measurable so need theory and data
Psychoanalytic​: ​Freud

In Freud’s view, what causes anxiety? ​In Freud’s view, anxiety is caused by
the inability of the ego to balance adequately the demands of the id and the
superego
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Freud​: The founder of the psychoanalytic perspective (“first” personality theorist)
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