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Title: Topographic Anatomy
Description: Gives you descriptions of every region of the body, great for more understanding of anatomy! These notes are brilliant for medical students in 1st and 2nd year, but also to revise your knowledge in later on years!
Description: Gives you descriptions of every region of the body, great for more understanding of anatomy! These notes are brilliant for medical students in 1st and 2nd year, but also to revise your knowledge in later on years!
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Fronto-Parieto-Occipital Region
Boundaries
➢ Anteriorly - supra-orbital margin
➢ Laterally - superior temporal line
➢ Posteriorly - superior nuchal line
Surface Anatomy
➢ Skin - thick and hairy with sebaceous glands
➢ Subcutaneous tissue - richly vascularized
➢ Epicranial aponeurosis - occipitofrontal muscle and aponeurosis
➢ Loose connective tissue
➢ Pericranium
➢ Skull - frontal squama, parietal bone and occipital squama
Neurovasculature
➢ Frontal - supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries, veins and nerves
➢ Temporal - superficial temporal artery and vein, auriculotemporal nerve
➢ Occipital - occipital artery and vein, major occipital nerve
➢ Retroauricular - Posterior auricular artery and vein, minor occipital nerve
Lymphatic Vasculature
➢ Parotid lymph nodes
➢ Occipital lymph nodes
➢ Retroauricular lymph nodes
Base of the Skull
➢
Inferior portion of neurocranium and viscerocranium except from mandible
It features
➢ Alveolar arch of maxillae (free border of alveolar process surrounding and
supporting maxillary teeth)
➢ Palatine process of maxillae
➢ Palatine bone
➢ Sphenoid bone
➢ Vomer bone
➢ Temporal bone
➢ Occipital bone
Hard palate is formed by:
➢ Anteriorly - palatal process of maxillae
➢ Posteriorly - horizontal plates of palatine bones
➢ The free posterior border of hard palate projects posteriorly in median plane as the
posterior nasal spine
➢ Posterior to central incisor teeth is the incisive foramen, a depression in the
midline of bony palate into which incisive canals open
➢ The right and left nasopalatine nerves pass from nose through a variable number of
incisive canals and foramina
➢ Posterolaterally are greater and lesser palatine foramina
➢ Superior to posterior edge of palate are 2 large openings: choanae (posterior nasal
apertures), which are separate by each other by the vomer, an unpaired bone that forms
a part of the bony nasal septum
Sphenoid
➢ Wedged between frontal, temporal and occipital bones
➢ Consists of a body and 3 pairs of processes: greater wings, lesser wings and
pterygoid processes
➢ Greater and lesser wings of sphenoid spread laterally from lateral aspects of body
of the bone
➢ The greater wings have orbital, temporal and infratemporal surfaces apparent in
facial, lateral and inferior views of exterior of cranium
➢ The pterygoid processes, consisting of lateral and medial pterygoid plates, extend
inferiorly on each side of sphenoid from junction of body and greater wings
➢ Groove for cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic tube lies medial to spine of
sphenoid, inferior to junction of greater wing of sphenoid and petrous part of
temporal bone
➢ Depression in squamous part of temporal bone, called mandibular fossae,
accommodate the mandibular condyles when mouth is closed
Cranial base if formed posteriorly by occipital bone, which articulates with sphenoid
anteriorly
Occipital
➢ 4 parts of occipital bone are arranged around foramen magnum
➢ Major structures pass through this foramen are: spinal cord (where it becomes
continuous with medulla oblongata of the brain); the meninges of the brain and spinal
cord: the vertebral arteries: anterior and posterior spinal arteries; and the spinal
accessory nerve
➢ On lateral parts of occipital bone are 2 large protuberances, the occipital condyles, by
which the cranium articulates with vertebral column
Jugular foramen
➢ Large opening between occipital bone and petrous part of temporal bone
➢ Internal jugular vein and several cranial nerves emerge from the cranium
➢ The entrance to carotid canal for internal carotid artery is just anterior to jugular
foramen
Stylomastoid foramen
➢ Lies posterior to base of styloid process
➢ Transmits facial nerve and stylomastoid artery
Temporal and Mastoid Regions
Temporal Region
Boundaries
➢ Inferiorly - zygomatic arch
➢ Superiorly - superior temporal line
Surface Anatomy
➢ Skin - thin and hairy
➢ Subcutaneous tissue
➢ Superficial temporal artery, vein, zygomaticotemporal nerve and auriculotemporal
nerve
➢ Epicranial fascia
➢ Temporal fascia - 2 sheets - between them is the interfascial temporal space with fat
tissue
➢ Subaponeurotic tissue
➢ Temporal muscle - with deep temporal artery, vein, nerve
➢ Squama temporalis with medial meningeal artery
Mastoid Region
Boundaries
➢ Corresponds to the contour of the mastoid process
➢ Base faces upwards
Surface Anatomy
➢ Skin - thin and fixed
➢ Subcutaneous tissue - less prominent
➢ Posterior auricular muscle
➢ Posterior auricular artery and vein
➢ Fascia - Epicranial aponeurosis - thinner end portion
➢ Periosteum
➢ Trepanation triangle which is continuous with the sigmoid sinus and facial canal
➢ Bone with mastoid cells and mastoid antrum (communicates with the tympanic
cavity)
Infratemporal Region
➢
Irregularly shaped space deep and inferior to zygomatic arch, deep to the ramus of
the mandible and posterior to maxilla
Boundaries
➢ Laterally - ramus of the mandible
➢ Medially - lateral pterygoid plate
➢ Anteriorly - posterior aspect of maxilla
➢ Posteriorly - tympanic plate and mastoid and styloid process of temporal bone
➢ Superiorly - inferior surface of greater wing of sphenoid bone
➢ Inferiorly - where medial pterygoid muscle attaches to mandible near its angle
Contents
➢ Inferior part of temporalis muscle
➢ Lateral and medial pterygoid muscles
➢ Maxillary artery
➢ Pterygoid venous plexus
➢ Mandibular, inferior alveolar, lingual, buccal and chorda tympanic nerve and otic
ganglion
Facial Region
...
Zygomatic, Mental
and Buccal Regions
Infraorbital Region
Boundaries
➢ Superiorly - infraorbital margin
➢ Inferiorly - gingivobuccal fold
➢ Medially - nasolabial sulcus
➢ Laterally -zygomatic region
Surface Anatomy
➢ Skin - thin
➢ Subcutaneous tissue containing infraorbital (sensory) and buccal (motor nerves),
facial artery and vein
➢ Muscle layer - orbiculus oculi, caninus, levator labii superioris, levator superioris
alaeque nasi
➢ Canine fossa with infraorbital foramen (infraorbital artery, vein and nerve)
Mental Region
Boundaries
➢ Superiorly - gingivobuccal fold
➢ Inferiorly - mandibular base
Surface Anatomy
➢ Skin - thick and hairy with sebaceous glands
➢ Subcutaneous tissue - arranged in lobules with fibrous bundles or muscle bundles
➢ Muscle layer - depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris, mentalis
➢ Facial artery (gives rise to the inferior labial artery), mental artery (branch of
mandibular artery) and vein, lymph nodes, mental nerve
➢ Mandible
Zygomatic Region
Boundaries
➢ Superiorly - boundaries of the zygomatic bone
Surface Anatomy
➢ Skin - thin
➢ Subcutaneous tissue
➢ Muscle layer - orbiculus oculi, zygomaticus major and minor
➢ Infraorbital nerve, zygomaticofacial nerve
➢ Zygomatic bone
Buccal Region
Boundaries - buccal tissue without bone
➢ Superior - zygomatic region and infraorbital region
➢ Inferior - mental region
➢ Anterior - oral angle
➢ Posterior - anterior border of masseter muscle
Surface Anatomy
➢ Skin - thick and hairy
➢ Subcutaneous tissue - well developed
➢ Buccal adipose body - fat pad
➢ Muscle layer - risorius
➢ Facial artery and vein
➢ Sensory innervation - buccal nerve, mental nerve and infraorbital nerve
➢ Motor innervation - buccal branch of facial nerve
➢ Muscle layer - buccinator, zygomaticus major and minor
➢ Buccal mucosa with parotid duct open opposite 2nd molar tooth
Orbital Region
Boundaries
➢ Superficial (palpebral) layer
➢ Deep layer - orbit
➢ Divided by orbital septum
Palpebral Layer - Surface Anatomy
➢ Palpebral skin - thin and fine; sebaceous glands, tarsal glands, ciliary glands
➢ Subcutaneous tissue - sparse, LCT, ophthalmic nerve, infraorbital nerve, angular
artery, superficial temporal artery
➢ Muscle layer - orbicularis oculi muscle
➢ Fibrous tissue layer - orbital septum, tarsal plate
➢ Conjunctiva - fornix
Lacrimal Pathways
➢ Superior and inferior lacrimal punt
➢ Canaliculi lacrimales à saccus lacrimalis
➢ M
...
The suprasternal space lies between these layers and contains the inferior
ends of the anterior jugular veins, jugular venous arch, fat and lymph nodes
Pretracheal layer
➢ Limited to a
coccyx
➢ Dura is also attached to spaces in PLL
Epidural Space
➢ The epidural/ extradural space is a space outside the dura matter
➢ The nerve roots transverse the space as they extend into intervertebral foramen
➢ Space is occupied by loose connective tissue and fat
➢ Epidural space ends at the sacral hiatus, sealed by the posterior sacrococcygeal
ligament
Leptomeninges
➢ The pia and arachnoid are composed of loose connective tissue and separated
from one another by the subarachnoid space
➢ They are quite delicate membranes
➢ They are covered by a layer of mesothelium bathed by cerebrospinal fluid
➢ The arachnoid matter lines the entire dural sac and extends into the dural sleeves
➢ Trabeculae formed by this membrane in subarachnoid space facilitate CSF mixing
➢ Inferiorly, arachnoid lines dural sac within sacral canal and ends on termination of sac at
S2 level
...
Anterior Abdominal Wall
...
➢ Epigastrium - bounded by the midclavicular planes on the side and the subcostal plane
inferiorly, costal arch superiorly - contain stomach, liver, duodenum and pancreas
➢
Umbilical - bounded by the midclavicular planes on the side, subcostal plane superiorly
and the transtubercular plane inferiorly - contains small intestine, transverse colon,
duodenum, head of pancreas
➢
Hypogastric (pubic) - bounded by the midclavicular planes on the side, transtubercular
plane superiorly - contains sigmoid colon, small intestine, urinary bladder and uterus
➢
Right hypochondriac - lateral to the right midclavicular plane and the subcostal plane
inferiorly - contain right liver lobe and gallbladder
➢
Left hypochondriac - lateral to the right midclavicular plane and the subcostal plane
inferiorly - contain left liver lobe, stomach, spleen and left colic flexure
➢
Right lateral - lateral to the right midclavicular plane, subcostal plane superiorly, and the
transtubercular plane inferiorly - contain ascending colon and small intestine
➢
Left lateral - lateral to the left midclavicular plane, subcostal plane superiorly, and the
transtubercular plane inferiorly - contain descending colon and small intestine
➢
Right inguinal - lateral to the right midclavicular plane, the transtubercular plane
superiorly - contain cecum, vermiform appendix and small intestine
➢
Left inguinal - lateral to the left midclavicular plane, the transtubercular plane superiorly
- contain sigmoid colon and small intestine
Quadrants
Formed by the medial plane and the umbilical plane (passing through the umbilical region)
➢ Right upper quadrant
➢ Left upper quadrant
➢ Right lower quadrant
➢ Left lower quadrant
Midclavicular plane - from midpoint of clavicle to the midinguinal points
Subcostal plane - passing through inferior border of 10th costal cartilage
Transtubercular plane - passing through iliac tubercles
Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
Boundaries
➢ Superiorly - cartilages of 7-10th ribs and xiphoid process of sternum
➢ Inferiorly - inguinal ligament and superior margins of the pelvic girdle
Surface Anatomy
➢ Skin
➢ Superficial subcutaneous tissue (Camper fascia) with anterior cutaneous branches of
thoracoabdominal nerves (lateral to linea alba), superficial epigastric artery and vein
➢ Inferior to umbilicus, there is also a deep membranous layer (Scarpers fascia) which
continues as superior perineal fascia
Title: Topographic Anatomy
Description: Gives you descriptions of every region of the body, great for more understanding of anatomy! These notes are brilliant for medical students in 1st and 2nd year, but also to revise your knowledge in later on years!
Description: Gives you descriptions of every region of the body, great for more understanding of anatomy! These notes are brilliant for medical students in 1st and 2nd year, but also to revise your knowledge in later on years!