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Title: Topographic Anatomy
Description: Gives you descriptions of every region of the body, great for more understanding of anatomy! These notes are brilliant for medical students in 1st and 2nd year, but also to revise your knowledge in later on years!
Description: Gives you descriptions of every region of the body, great for more understanding of anatomy! These notes are brilliant for medical students in 1st and 2nd year, but also to revise your knowledge in later on years!
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Fronto-Parieto-Occipital Region
Boundaries
➢ Anteriorly - supra-orbital margin
➢ Laterally - superior temporal line
➢ Posteriorly - superior nuchal line
Surface Anatomy
➢ Skin - thick and hairy with sebaceous glands
➢ Subcutaneous tissue - richly vascularized
➢ Epicranial aponeurosis - occipitofrontal muscle and aponeurosis
➢ Loose connective tissue
➢ Pericranium
➢ Skull - frontal squama, parietal bone and occipital squama
Neurovasculature
➢ Frontal - supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries, veins and nerves
➢ Temporal - superficial temporal artery and vein, auriculotemporal nerve
➢ Occipital - occipital artery and vein, major occipital nerve
➢ Retroauricular - Posterior auricular artery and vein, minor occipital nerve
Lymphatic Vasculature
➢ Parotid lymph nodes
➢ Occipital lymph nodes
➢ Retroauricular lymph nodes
Base of the Skull
➢
Inferior portion of neurocranium and viscerocranium except from mandible
It features
➢ Alveolar arch of maxillae (free border of alveolar process surrounding and
supporting maxillary teeth)
➢ Palatine process of maxillae
➢ Palatine bone
➢ Sphenoid bone
➢ Vomer bone
➢ Temporal bone
➢ Occipital bone
Hard palate is formed by:
➢ Anteriorly - palatal process of maxillae
➢ Posteriorly - horizontal plates of palatine bones
➢ The free posterior border of hard palate projects posteriorly in median plane as the
posterior nasal spine
➢ Posterior to central incisor teeth is the incisive foramen, a depression in the
midline of bony palate into which incisive canals open
➢ The right and left nasopalatine nerves pass from nose through a variable number of
incisive canals and foramina
➢ Posterolaterally are greater and lesser palatine foramina
➢ Superior to posterior edge of palate are 2 large openings: choanae (posterior nasal
apertures), which are separate by each other by the vomer, an unpaired bone that forms
a part of the bony nasal septum
Sphenoid
➢ Wedged between frontal, temporal and occipital bones
➢ Consists of a body and 3 pairs of processes: greater wings, lesser wings and
pterygoid processes
➢ Greater and lesser wings of sphenoid spread laterally from lateral aspects of body
of the bone
➢ The greater wings have orbital, temporal and infratemporal surfaces apparent in
facial, lateral and inferior views of exterior of cranium
➢ The pterygoid processes, consisting of lateral and medial pterygoid plates, extend
inferiorly on each side of sphenoid from junction of body and greater wings
➢ Groove for cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic tube lies medial to spine of
sphenoid, inferior to junction of greater wing of sphenoid and petrous part of
temporal bone
➢ Depression in squamous part of temporal bone, called mandibular fossae,
accommodate the mandibular condyles when mouth is closed
Cranial base if formed posteriorly by occipital bone, which articulates with sphenoid
anteriorly
Occipital
➢ 4 parts of occipital bone are arranged around foramen magnum
➢ Major structures pass through this foramen are: spinal cord (where it becomes
continuous with medulla oblongata of the brain); the meninges of the brain and spinal
cord: the vertebral arteries: anterior and posterior spinal arteries; and the spinal
accessory nerve
➢ On lateral parts of occipital bone are 2 large protuberances, the occipital condyles, by
which the cranium articulates with vertebral column
Jugular foramen
➢ Large opening between occipital bone and petrous part of temporal bone
➢ Internal jugular vein and several cranial nerves emerge from the cranium
➢ The entrance to carotid canal for internal carotid artery is just anterior to jugular
foramen
Stylomastoid foramen
➢ Lies posterior to base of styloid process
➢ Transmits facial nerve and stylomastoid artery
Temporal and Mastoid Regions
Temporal Region
Boundaries
➢ Inferiorly - zygomatic arch
➢ Superiorly - superior temporal line
Surface Anatomy
➢ Skin - thin and hairy
➢ Subcutaneous tissue
➢ Superficial temporal artery, vein, zygomaticotemporal nerve and auriculotemporal
nerve
Title: Topographic Anatomy
Description: Gives you descriptions of every region of the body, great for more understanding of anatomy! These notes are brilliant for medical students in 1st and 2nd year, but also to revise your knowledge in later on years!
Description: Gives you descriptions of every region of the body, great for more understanding of anatomy! These notes are brilliant for medical students in 1st and 2nd year, but also to revise your knowledge in later on years!