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Biology biomolecules suffering yo
General info
 Biological molecules that make up life are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic
acids and they are ALL POLYMERS whoa boy
 Metabolism refers to all chemical processes that go down in a living organism (ana
is building molecules outa smaller units, cata is breaking molecules down into
smaller units)
 Monomer to Polymer reacton = CONDENSATION REACTION, water is released
(helpful for hydraton)
 Polymer to Monomer reacton = HYDROLYSIS REACTION, requires water and a
‘suitable’ enzyme
 Carbon atoms are rly versatle as they readily form bonds with each other and many
other atoms
 Means that most of the molecules in our body join the same way bc they’re all
carbon based
Monosaccharides
Made up of CARBON, HYDROGEN and OXYGEN only ~

 MONOSACCHARIDE (a sweet tastng, soluble sugar
unit)is the monomer of carbohydrates
 Eg glucose, galactose, fructose
 Can come in RING or LINEAR form
 Can have isomers with same formula but diferent ring
structures (eg, fructose and glucose) or one being a ring
and the other linear or two diferent linears whatever
 Hexose is 6, triose is three
 Glucose has two forms, alpha and beta
 THE HYDROGEN AND HYDROXYL GROUPS ARE SWITCHED AT CARBON ONE which is
hella important for how these two monomers form polymers, and the resultng
structure of the polysaccharides
 There are only two versions bc the tght ring
structure makes the two groups rotatng
around the carbon
impossible

 Monosaccharides form GLYCOSIDIC BONDS through condensaton reactons, water
is released

Disaccharides
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DISACCHARIDE: two monosaccharide units joined together via a glycosidic bond
Maltose= two glucose
Lactose= glucose and galactose
Sucrose= glucose and fructose (and is also non reducing btw)

Polysaccharides
POLYSACCHARIDE: Many monosaccharide units joined together via glycosidic bonds
Very large molecules, insoluble
Suitable for storage due to this
Orrrrrr structural support, eg cellulose
Many alpha glucose becomes starch
o Can be amylose, which is straight and unbranched
o Or amylopectn, branced
 Beta glucose becomes cellulose
o Cannot immediately form glycosidic bonds, so
every other monomer must fip
o This creates straight, unbranched, structural
fibres
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TESTING FOR SUGARS YO
o To test soluton, add an equal amount of benedicts reagent, shake, heat
strongly in a water bath for a few minutes
o A precipitate indicates reducing sugar
 Mention red brown as your go to posttive result
 Otherwise orange is medium levels of sugar present, yellow is low,
green is very low, blue is none ~
o If ya first test ts negative, add dtlute sodtum hydroxtde and heat the tube
again
o if afer this a precipitate is formed, it’s a non reducing sugar
 probs sucrose, but maybe trehalose
 can do a semi quantatve benedicts test by comparing colours with the precipitates
of solutons with known concentratons of sugar

 or use a colourimeter, give the colour a no
...
against known
concentraton of sugars and create a calibraton curve
 TEST FOR STARCH: Add iodine soluton, should go from blue black to red brown ~
Starch yo
o
o
o
o

Found in many parts of a plant in the form of small grains
Especially in seeds and storage organs
Made up of chains of alpha glucose
Amylose and amylopectn, branched and not
 Amylose is wound into a v tight cotl

Main role is in storage and its structure is suited for these
reasons
 Insoluble, does not afect water
potential or afect osmosts
 Large and tnsoluble, does not dtfuse out of cells
 Compact, lots can be stored tn a smol space
 When hydrolysed becomes Aglucose
 Easily transported
 Readily used in respiraton
 Amylopectn had many ends, each of which enzymes can act on SIMULTANEOUSLY :
0, meaning glucose monomers are released v quickly
Glycogen: found in animals and bacteria but never in plant cells (never
...
)
 Similar to starch but
o Shorter chains
o More highly branched
 Glycogen is the major carbohydrate storage product of ani

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