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Title: Nerves of the upper limb
Description: Medical notes This is a detailed description of all the nerves of the upper limb, which arise from the Brachial Plexus. Each nerve, has its origin, innervation, termination, and palsy described. Followed by a very specific and accurate pathway description all the way from its origin till it terminates
Description: Medical notes This is a detailed description of all the nerves of the upper limb, which arise from the Brachial Plexus. Each nerve, has its origin, innervation, termination, and palsy described. Followed by a very specific and accurate pathway description all the way from its origin till it terminates
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Nerves of the upper limb:
The nerves which innervate the muscles and the skin of the upper limb, originate from the brachial
plexus
...
There are 5 roots (C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1), 3 trunks (superior, middle and inferior), 3 divisions (2
between the superior and middle trunks and 1 between the middle and inferior trunks, and 3 cords
(lateral, posterior and medial)
...
12 which come
indirectly and 5 which are direct (and can be thought as the main terminal branches)
...
It
continues its path, under the lateral and medial pectoral nerves, and between the
lateral thoracic artery and vein (which is anterior) and under the thoracodorsal vein,
and finally moving parallel to it and the thoracodorsal artery, until the long thoracic
nerve innervates the Serratus anterior muscle and finally reaches its termination at
the region around the 9th rib
...
Then it continues is path distally moving, lateral to the vagus nerve, common carotid
artery, and the internal jugular vein
...
The right phrenic nerve
continues its path distally, swaying very little from its path
...
‐
‐
‐
Dorsal scapular nerve
o Origin:
Superior trunk (C4 and C5)
o Innervation:
Rhomboid major and rhomboid minor (motor)
Levator scapulae (motor)
o Termination:
End of the branches of the nerve at the rhomboid muscles and the levator
scapulae
o Pathway: the dorsal scapula nerve originates from the proximal part of the superior
trunk of the brachial plexus and it then it descends on the posterior side of the body
...
It passes
through the levator scapulae muscle (giving a branch for its innervation) and descend
on the deep surface of the rhomboids and parallel to the medial border of the
scapula, giving off branches and innervating the rhomboid minor and rhomboid
major, before it terminates in a region around the rhomboid major (near T5)
...
It then descends underneath the dorsal scapular artery, suprascapular vein,
then in front of the 3rd part of the subclavian artery and vein, before terminating, in a
region near the 1st rib, under the medial 1/3 of the clavicle
...
It moves, behind the
suprascapular artery and vein, after originating from the superior trunk and passes
through the suprascapular notch
...
‐
Lateral pectoral nerve
o Origin:
Lateral cord of the brachial plexus (C5 to C7)
o Innervation
Pectoralis major (motor)
o Termination
It has several branches, the top branch having a termination, in the region
near the 1st rib and manubrium
The lower branch – the region near the costal cartilage and middle of the 5th
rib
o Pathway: Originating from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus (near the coracoid
process of the scapular) the lateral pectoral nerve moves above the axillary artery
and vein, but underneath the deltoid and acromial branch of the thoracoacromial
artery, and later on, the cephalic vein, by piercing through the clavipectoral fascia
(costocoracoid membrane)
...
It lies above the pectoralis minor, but beneath the
pectoralis minor
‐
Superior subscapular nerve:
o Origin:
Posterior cord (C5 and C6)
o Innervation
Superior portion of Subscapularis (motor)
o Termination
Up till the borders of the scapula, and descending to as much as distance of
the 5th rib
o Pathway:
Originating from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, just before the
thoracodorsal nerve, the superior (upper) subscapular nerve passes
posterioirly just above the serratus anterior muscle and underneath the
Subscapularis innervating it
...
There it innervates
the muscle, and two or three nerves pass through the muscle anteriorly
towards the pectoralis major innervating it too
Medial brachial cutaneous nerve (arm)
o Origin:
Medial cord (C8 and T1) of the brachial plexus
o Innervation:
Sensory
Skin on the distal 1/3 of arm
o Termination
Two branches terminate at the region of the middle of the arm a distance up
to about 7th rib
o Pathway:
Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve (forearm)
o Origin:
Medial cord (C8 and T1) of the brachial plexus
o Innervation:
Sensory:
Skin on the medial side of the forearm
Termination
Just above the extensor retinaculum
o Pathway:
Musculocutaneous
o Origin:
Lateral cord of the brachial plexus (C5 to C7)
o Innervation:
Motor
Muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm
o Biceps brachii
o Coracobrachalis
o Brachialis
Sensory
Skin on the lateral side of the forearm
o Termination
Close to the distal head of the radius
o Pathway: The musculocutaneous nerve originates as a terminal branch of the lateral
cord of the brachial plexus, it travels posterior to the median nerve near its origin and
behind the circumflex humeral arteries and veins
...
The nerve continues its descending path towards the forearm, over the
lateral epicondyle and capitulum, and over the vessels (radial nerve, radial collateral
and recurrent arteries)
...
Finally the nerve reaches its termination at a region near the
distal head of the radius
...
It continues its path posteriorly,
underneath the capsular ligament of the shoulder joint, and in between the
circumflex humeral and circumflex scapular arteries and veins
...
o Palsy:
Causes
Blunt trauma (getting hit by an object, or even in contact sports such
as boxing or football on the lateral proximal part of the humerus)
Shoulder dislocations
Fracture of the humerus
Compression on the side of the arm, by lying on it for too long
Symptoms
Lack of abduction greater than 30 degrees of the shoulder
Atrophy of the deltoid muscles
Regions around deltoid lack sensation
Median nerve
o Origin:
Lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus ([C5] to T1)
o Innervation:
Motor
Muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm (except flexor
carpi ulnaris and medial half of flexor digitorum profundus)
o Anterior superficial forearm
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Plamaris longus
Flexor digitorum superfciallis
o Anterior deep forearm
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus
Flexor digitorum profundus (lateral half, 2nd and 3rd
digits)
Muscles of the hand
o 3 thenar muscles of the thumb
Abductor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
o
o
o
o
Flexor pollicis brevis (superficial head)
2 lumbrical muscles ( 1st and 2nd lumbrical)
Sensory
Skin over the palmar surface of the lateral 3 digits and half of the
fourth and the distal phalanx surface on the dorsal side
...
It begins its
descending path of the arm on the medial side of the arm, and lateral to both the
axillary artery and vein
...
Following its path further downward to the region of the elbow, it can be seen that
the median nerve takes a path, anterior to the coranoid fossa, and trochlea, and is
between 2 veins (medial to the brachial, and lateral to the basilic) and 2 arteries
(medial to the brachial and lateral to the anterior ulnar recurrent) and lateral to a
nerve (medial antebrachial cutaneous (forearm))
...
Entering the forearm it ventures into a complex pathway
1‐ going under several vessels (median cubital, interosseous recurrent [right],
anterior interosseous [right], and common interosseous (possibly at the
junction where all three interosseous arteries meet))
2‐ going medial to several vessels (radial artery and vein, medial antebrachial
vein (which also goes above the median nerve), and anterior interosseous
artery
3‐ going lateral to several vessels (ulnar artery and vein (the median nerve
passes over this), ulnar recurrent artery and medial antebrachial cutaneous
nerve)
It then continues its path and after moving midway through the ulna, it gradually
moves laterally, over the interosseous membrane, reaching the distal head of the
radius, after which it descends underneath the medial antebrachial vein, and then the
extensor and flexor retinaculum respectively ( the palmar branch however moving
above the structure)
...
Palsy
Causes
Deep penetrating injuries to the arm or forearm
Blunt force trauma
Peripheral neuropathy
Symptoms
‐
Lack of ability to abduct or oppose thumb (ape hand deformity)‐
because of thenar muscle paralysis
Weakness in forearm and wrist pronation and flexion
Loss of sensation in the thumb till the lateral half of the ring finger
Radial nerve
o Origin:
Posterior cord (C5 to [T1]) of the brachial plexus
o Innervation:
Motor
Muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm and forearm
o Posterior arm
Triceps brachii
Anconeus
o Anterior arm
Brachioradialis
o Posterior superficial forearm
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digitorum minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
o Posterior deep forearm (deep branches of the radial nerve)
Supinator
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor indicis
Sensory
Skin on the
o posterior aspects of the arm and forearm
o lower lateral surface of the arm
o middle posterior surface of the forearm
o dorsal lateral surface of the hand
Till the middle phalanges of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and
lateral half of the 4th digits
...
Its
descending path on the arm begins by moving to the posterior side of the arm (where
it innervates the triceps brachii muscle)
...
Near the proximal head of the
radius, it gives off two branches, (deep branch and superficial branch) which
innervate the deep and superficial muscles of the posterior forearm respectively
...
As it reaches the distal head,
the superficial branch of the radial nerve separates into two more branches, on
moving to the dorsal surface of the hand (above the extensor retinaculum), while the
other laterally to the thumb
...
o Palsy: ( wrist drop)
Causes
Fracture of the humerus at the region of the radial groove
Stab wounds to the chest underneath the clavicle, damaging the
posterior cord
Lead poisoning to some extent
Repetitive compressions on the region where the radial nerve passes
by objects such as crutches
Long term constriction of the wrist (wearing a tight bracelet)
Sleeping with the arm in an awkward position, causing its
compression, usually when an individual is intoxicated
Symptoms
Inability to point extend the wrist and fingers upwards to the ceiling
when the hand is held out parallel to the floor
Trouble extending the arm or forearm
Weakness in hand grip
Ulnar nerve
o Origin:
Medial cord ([C7], C8 and T1) of the brachial plexus
o Innervation:
Motor
All intrinsic (deeper) muscles of the hand (except 3 thenar [abductor
pollicis brevis, opens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis] and the first 2
lumbricals)
o dorsal
4 dorsal interossei muscles
Adductor pollicis
Opponens digiti minimi
o palmar
3 palmar interossei muscles
2 lumbrical muscles
3rd and 4th
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Abductor digiti minim
Sensory
Skin of the
o 5th and half of the 4th palmar and dorsal surface of digits
o Medial palmar and dorsal half of the hand till the wrist
o Termination
o
o
Distal phalanges of 5th digit and the medial side of the 4th
Pathway: the ulnar nerve originates from the medial cord of the brachial plexus
...
Later on it
continues to move to the posterior medial side of the arm, by moving parallel to the
ulnar collateral artery and passing behind the medial epicondyle
...
Near the distal head of the ulna, the ulnar nerve passes above the extensor
retinaculum and gives off 2 branches, one to the palmar surface (which innervates
the intrinsic muscles of the hand (except the 3 thenar, (abductor pollicis brevis, opens
pollicis, and flexor pollicis brevis) and the 1st two lumbrical muscles), and the skin of
the 5th finger and the medial part of the 4th
Title: Nerves of the upper limb
Description: Medical notes This is a detailed description of all the nerves of the upper limb, which arise from the Brachial Plexus. Each nerve, has its origin, innervation, termination, and palsy described. Followed by a very specific and accurate pathway description all the way from its origin till it terminates
Description: Medical notes This is a detailed description of all the nerves of the upper limb, which arise from the Brachial Plexus. Each nerve, has its origin, innervation, termination, and palsy described. Followed by a very specific and accurate pathway description all the way from its origin till it terminates