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Title: Respiratory System
Description: Notes about the anatomy and physiology. The notes have been made to assist you in your review in preparation for your exams in anatomy and physiology.
Description: Notes about the anatomy and physiology. The notes have been made to assist you in your review in preparation for your exams in anatomy and physiology.
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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
=anatomy and physiology=
Simplified Reviewer and Notes
Respiratory System
▪ Supplies body oxygen (O2) and disposes carbon dioxide (CO2)
▪ Components of respiratory system:
1
...
Pleurae
3
...
Thorax
5
...
Upper Respiratory Airways:
1
...
Paranasal Sinuses
3
...
Larynx/ Voice box
B
...
Trachea/ Windpipe
2
...
Secondary (lobar) bronchi
4
...
Bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
̶
Nose: filters and humidifies air; aid in phonation; olfaction
➢ Nostrils/ nares: openings of the nose
...
The hair that lines the vestibule are called
the vibrissae
...
➢ The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity below by a
partition, the palate
...
The unsupported posterior part is the
soft palate
...
̶
Paranasal sinuses: open areas within the skull
➢ Four-paired bony cavities; named after their location (frontal,
ethmoidal, maxillary, and sphenoidal)
➢ Sinuses lighten the skull; act as resonance chambers for speech
...
➢ A common opening between the digestive and respiratory
system
➢ It has 3 sections: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
➢ Cluster of lymphatic tissues called tonsils are found in the
pharynx
...
̶
Larynx/ Voice box: connects the pharynx and the trachea
...
When eating, the epiglottis closes (to prevent entering the
trachea and prevent aspiration)
...
➢ Part of the mucus membrane of the larynx forms a pair of 2 folds,
called the vocal folds/ cords, which vibrate with expelled air
...
̶
Trachea/ Windpipe: tubular passageway of air
➢ The point at which it divides/ bifurcates is called carina
...
Each cartilage is incomplete dorsally where it is
adjacent to the esophagus
...
Type III (Alveolar Macrophage/ dust cells): wander among
the other cells of the alveolar wall removing debris and
microorganisms
...
̶
̶
Right and Left Main (Primary) Bronchi: result from the subdivision
of the trachea
...
• Hilus/ hilum: at point at which primary bronchus, blood
vessels, and lymphatics enter each lung
...
Lobar (secondary bronchi) → Segmental (tertiary bronchi) →
Bronchioles →Terminal bronchioles
➢ Respiratory Acinus: is the chief respiratory unit
...
• Acinus/ Acini: refers to any cluster of cells that resembles a
many-lobed berry
...
The respiratory membrane consists of the alveolar and capillary
walls
...
Type I Pneumocyte (simple squamous alveolar cells): this is
where gas exchange occurs
...
2
...
❖ Respiratory zone: includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct,
alveolar sacs, and alveoli – which have thin walls through which all
gas exchanges are made with pulmonary capillary blood
...
➢ Visceral pleura: directly covers the lungs
...
• The space between the pleural layers is the pleural space, a
potential space, contains a minute amount of fluid for
lubrication
...
➢ Mediastinum: houses the heart, the great vessels
...
➢ The narrow superior portion of each lung, the apex, is located
just deep to the clavicle
...
➢ Right lung has 3 lobes, while left lung has 2 lobes
...
Page 2 of 5
Anatomy and Physiology
The Respiratory System
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
=anatomy and physiology=
Simplified Reviewer and Notes
o
Thorax: provides protection for the lungs, heart, and great vessels
...
o
Diaphragm: the main respiratory for inspiration; it is supplied/
innervated by the phrenic nerve
...
Scalene: lift first 2 ribs
2
...
Trapezius and Pectoralis: fix the shoulders
During inhalation/ inspiration: diaphragm pulls down
and lung expands, it increases the volume which
decreases the pressure inside the lungs
...
Expiration/ exhalation:
- Breathing out
- Diaphragm and muscle relax
- Volume in lungs and chest cavity decreases, so now
pressure inside increases
...
Physiology of Respiratory System:
▪ The major function of the respiratory system is to supply the body
with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
...
Pulmonary ventilation
2
...
Respiratory gas transport
4
...
❖ Intrapulmonary pressure: pressure inside the lungs
...
Always
negative to prevent lung collapse
...
Pulmonary ventilation/ Breathing: refers to the movement of gases
(O2 and CO2) in and out of the lungs
...
Inhalation/ inspiration
b
...
This phenomenon is seen when air enters the pleural
space through a chest wound, but it may also result from a rupture of
the visceral pleura, which allows air to enter the pleural space from
the respiratory tract
...
̶
•
Inhalation/ inspiration:
- Air
Title: Respiratory System
Description: Notes about the anatomy and physiology. The notes have been made to assist you in your review in preparation for your exams in anatomy and physiology.
Description: Notes about the anatomy and physiology. The notes have been made to assist you in your review in preparation for your exams in anatomy and physiology.