Search for notes by fellow students, in your own course and all over the country.
Browse our notes for titles which look like what you need, you can preview any of the notes via a sample of the contents. After you're happy these are the notes you're after simply pop them into your shopping cart.
Title: Respiratory System
Description: Notes about the anatomy and physiology. The notes have been made to assist you in your review in preparation for your exams in anatomy and physiology.
Description: Notes about the anatomy and physiology. The notes have been made to assist you in your review in preparation for your exams in anatomy and physiology.
Document Preview
Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
=anatomy and physiology=
Simplified Reviewer and Notes
Respiratory System
▪ Supplies body oxygen (O2) and disposes carbon dioxide (CO2)
▪ Components of respiratory system:
1
...
Pleurae
3
...
Thorax
5
...
Upper Respiratory Airways:
1
...
Paranasal Sinuses
3
...
Larynx/ Voice box
B
...
Trachea/ Windpipe
2
...
Secondary (lobar) bronchi
4
...
Bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
̶
Nose: filters and humidifies air; aid in phonation; olfaction
➢ Nostrils/ nares: openings of the nose
...
The hair that lines the vestibule are called
the vibrissae
...
➢ The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity below by a
partition, the palate
...
The unsupported posterior part is the
soft palate
...
̶
Paranasal sinuses: open areas within the skull
➢ Four-paired bony cavities; named after their location (frontal,
ethmoidal, maxillary, and sphenoidal)
➢ Sinuses lighten the skull; act as resonance chambers for speech
...
➢ A common opening between the digestive and respiratory
system
➢ It has 3 sections: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
➢ Cluster of lymphatic tissues called tonsils are found in the
pharynx
...
̶
Larynx/ Voice box: connects the pharynx and the trachea
...
When eating, the epiglottis closes (to prevent entering the
trachea and prevent aspiration)
...
➢ Part of the mucus membrane of the larynx forms a pair of 2 folds,
called the vocal folds/ cords, which vibrate with expelled air
...
̶
Trachea/ Windpipe: tubular passageway of air
➢ The point at which it divides/ bifurcates is called carina
...
Each cartilage is incomplete dorsally where it is
adjacent to the esophagus
...
Type III (Alveolar Macrophage/ dust cells): wander among
the other cells of the alveolar wall removing debris and
microorganisms
...
̶
̶
Right and Left Main (Primary) Bronchi: result from the subdivision
of the trachea
...
• Hilus/ hilum: at point at which primary bronchus, blood
vessels, and lymphatics enter each lung
...
Lobar (secondary bronchi) → Segmental (tertiary bronchi) →
Bronchioles →Terminal bronchioles
➢ Respiratory Acinus: is the chief respiratory unit
...
• Acinus/ Acini: refers to any cluster of cells that resembles a
many-lobed berry
...
The respiratory membrane consists of the alveolar and capillary
walls
...
Type I Pneumocyte (simple squamous alveolar cells): this is
where gas exchange occurs
...
2
...
❖ Respiratory zone: includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct,
alveolar sacs, and alveoli – which have thin walls through which all
gas exchanges are made with pulmonary capillary blood
...
➢ Visceral pleura: directly covers the lungs
...
• The space between the pleural layers is the pleural space, a
potential space, contains a minute amount of fluid for
lubrication
...
➢ Mediastinum: houses the heart, the great vessels
...
➢ The narrow superior portion of each lung, the apex, is located
just deep to the clavicle
...
➢ Right lung has 3 lobes, while left lung has 2 lobes
...
Page 2 of 5
Anatomy and Physiology
The Respiratory System
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
=anatomy and physiology=
Simplified Reviewer and Notes
o
Thorax: provides protection for the lungs, heart, and great vessels
...
o
Diaphragm: the main respiratory for inspiration; it is supplied/
innervated by the phrenic nerve
...
Scalene: lift first 2 ribs
2
...
Trapezius and Pectoralis: fix the shoulders
During inhalation/ inspiration: diaphragm pulls down
and lung expands, it increases the volume which
decreases the pressure inside the lungs
...
Expiration/ exhalation:
- Breathing out
- Diaphragm and muscle relax
- Volume in lungs and chest cavity decreases, so now
pressure inside increases
...
Physiology of Respiratory System:
▪ The major function of the respiratory system is to supply the body
with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
...
Pulmonary ventilation
2
...
Respiratory gas transport
4
...
❖ Intrapulmonary pressure: pressure inside the lungs
...
Always
negative to prevent lung collapse
...
Pulmonary ventilation/ Breathing: refers to the movement of gases
(O2 and CO2) in and out of the lungs
...
Inhalation/ inspiration
b
...
This phenomenon is seen when air enters the pleural
space through a chest wound, but it may also result from a rupture of
the visceral pleura, which allows air to enter the pleural space from
the respiratory tract
...
̶
•
Inhalation/ inspiration:
- Air moves in
...
̶
External Respiration: pulmonary gas exchange
➢ The process of gas exchange (O2 loading and CO2 unloading)
between the alveoli/ lungs and pulmonary blood
...
➢ O2 is loaded and CO2 is unloaded, thus blood draining from the
lungs into the pulmonary veins is O2-rich and CO2-poor and is
ready to be pumped to the systemic circulation
...
➢ O2 is transported in the blood in 2 ways:
i
...
99% bound to Hgb
ii
...
➢ CO2
i
...
23% bound to Hgb inside the RBC but at different site than
O2 does, so it does not interfere in anyway with O2 transport
...
7% as CO2 dissolved in plasma
...
Though,
it is a byproduct, we still need a minimum amount in the
bloodstream to maintain the proper pH balance in body
...
Inside the cell, cellular respiration generates energy ATP, using
O2 and glucose and producing waste CO2
...
Thus venous
blood in the systemic circulation is much poorer in O2 and richer
in CO2
...
Nonrespiratory Movements
▪ These are voluntary reflex activities that move air into or out of the
lungs
...
Respiratory/ Lung Volumes and Capacities: amount of air in the lungs
a
...
Tidal Volume (TV): amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one
normal (quiet) breathing cycle
...
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): amount of air that can be
forcibly inhaled beyond a tidal inspiration
...
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): amount of air that can be
forcibly exhaled beyond a tidal expiration
...
Residual Volume (RV): amount of air remaining in the lungs after
an ERV
...
• Dead Space Volume: air that remains in the conducting zone
passageways (nostril to terminal bronchioles) and never
reaches the alveoli
...
Respiratory/ Lung Capacities: summation of volumes
1
...
Inspiratory Capacity: TV + IRV
3
...
Total Lung Capacity: RV + VC
Respiratory Sounds
▪ As air flows and out of the respiratory tree, it produces 2
recognizable sounds that can be picked up with a stethoscope
...
Bronchial sounds: produced by air rushing through the large
respiratory passageways (trachea and bronchi)
2
...
Page 4 of 5
Anatomy and Physiology
The Respiratory System
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
=anatomy and physiology=
Simplified Reviewer and Notes
Control of Respiration
1
...
Pons: contain
a
...
Apneustic center: responsible for deep, prolonged inspiration
...
Parasympathetic Nervous System: constricts airways
4
...
It explains why such patients
are always given low levels of O2
...
❖ Pulmonary arteries: deliver O2-poor blood to the lungs
❖ Pulmonary veins: carry oxygenated blood to the heart
...
▪ Normally, we breathe to remove CO2 from the body, not to get O2 in
...
Physical factors: talking, coughing, and exercising can modify both
rate and depth of breathing
...
2
...
Emotional factors: fear, anger, excitement can modify breathing
4
...
• CO2 retention leads to increased levels of carbonic acid,
which decreases the blood pH
...
❖ Increased CO2 level in the blood: the primary chemical
stimulation for breathing
Title: Respiratory System
Description: Notes about the anatomy and physiology. The notes have been made to assist you in your review in preparation for your exams in anatomy and physiology.
Description: Notes about the anatomy and physiology. The notes have been made to assist you in your review in preparation for your exams in anatomy and physiology.