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Title: Respiratory System
Description: Notes about the anatomy and physiology. The notes have been made to assist you in your review in preparation for your exams in anatomy and physiology.
Description: Notes about the anatomy and physiology. The notes have been made to assist you in your review in preparation for your exams in anatomy and physiology.
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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
=anatomy and physiology=
Simplified Reviewer and Notes
Respiratory System
▪ Supplies body oxygen (O2) and disposes carbon dioxide (CO2)
▪ Components of respiratory system:
1
...
Pleurae
3
...
Thorax
5
...
Upper Respiratory Airways:
1
...
Paranasal Sinuses
3
...
Larynx/ Voice box
B
...
Trachea/ Windpipe
2
...
Secondary (lobar) bronchi
4
...
Bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
̶
Nose: filters and humidifies air; aid in phonation; olfaction
➢ Nostrils/ nares: openings of the nose
...
The hair that lines the vestibule are called
the vibrissae
...
➢ The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity below by a
partition, the palate
...
The unsupported posterior part is the
soft palate
...
̶
Paranasal sinuses: open areas within the skull
➢ Four-paired bony cavities; named after their location (frontal,
ethmoidal, maxillary, and sphenoidal)
➢ Sinuses lighten the skull; act as resonance chambers for speech
...
➢ A common opening between the digestive and respiratory
system
➢ It has 3 sections: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
➢ Cluster of lymphatic tissues called tonsils are found in the
pharynx
...
̶
Larynx/ Voice box: connects the pharynx and the trachea
...
When eating, the epiglottis closes (to prevent entering the
trachea and prevent aspiration)
...
➢ Part of the mucus membrane of the larynx forms a pair of 2 folds,
called the vocal folds/ cords, which vibrate with expelled air
...
̶
Trachea/ Windpipe: tubular passageway of air
➢ The point at which it divides/ bifurcates is called carina
...
Each cartilage is incomplete dorsally where it is
adjacent to the esophagus
...
Type III (Alveolar Macrophage/ dust cells): wander among
the other cells of the alveolar wall removing debris and
microorganisms
...
̶
̶
Right and Left Main (Primary) Bronchi: result from the subdivision
of the trachea
...
• Hilus/ hilum: at point at which primary bronchus, blood
vessels, and lymphatics enter each lung
...
Lobar (secondary bronchi) → Segmental (tertiary bronchi) →
Bronchioles →Terminal bronchioles
➢ Respiratory Acinus: is the chief respiratory unit
...
• Acinus/ Acini: refers to any clus
pressure to low pressure (law of diffusion)
...
Page 3 of 5
Anatomy and Physiology
The Respiratory System
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
=anatomy and physiology=
Simplified Reviewer and Notes
➢ O2 diffuses into the blood, while CO2 diffuses from the blood into
the lungs
...
̶
̶
Gas Transport: carried out by the cardiovascular system, is the
process of distributing the O2 throughout the body and collecting
CO2 and returning it to the lungs, via the bloodstream
...
Most attaches to haemoglobin molecules inside RBCs to form
oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
...
1% as O2 dissolved in plasma
...
70% of CO2 is dissolved in plasma as the bicarbonate ion
(HCO3 -)
ii
...
iii
...
• CO2, the byproduct of metabolism in our exhaled air
...
Internal Respiration: systemic capillary gas exchange
➢ It is the process of gas exchange between the blood, the
interstitial fluids (fluids surrounding the cells), and the cells
...
➢ O2 is unloaded and CO2 is loaded into the blood
...
❖ Earth’s atmosphere is about 78% Nitrogen and 21% O2
...
These include: coughing, sneezing, laughing, crying,
hiccupping, and yawning
...
Respiratory/ Lung Volumes:
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
Residual volume air is important because it allows gas
exchange to go on continuously even between breaths and helps
to keep the alveoli opened or inflated
...
b
...
Vital Capacity: TV + IRV + ERV
2
...
Functional Reserve Capacity: ERV + RV
4
...
1
...
Vesicular breathing sounds: occur as air fills the alveoli
...
Medulla Oblongata: the primary center
2
...
Pneumotaxic center: responsible to the rhythmic quality of
breathing
b
...
3
...
Sympathetic Nervous System: dilates airways
Homeostatic Imbalance:
▪ In people who retain CO2, as in those with chronic lung diseases like
emphysema and chronic bronchitis, increased levels of CO2 are no
longer recognized as important by the brain, and dropping of O2
levels become the primary stimulus
Title: Respiratory System
Description: Notes about the anatomy and physiology. The notes have been made to assist you in your review in preparation for your exams in anatomy and physiology.
Description: Notes about the anatomy and physiology. The notes have been made to assist you in your review in preparation for your exams in anatomy and physiology.