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30 TOEFL Grammar Study Guide in (advanced level)

1
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Gerunds and infinitives with idiomatic expressions
3
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Adverb clauses
5
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Verb + infinitive or -ing forms
7
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Passive voice with modals and causative verbs
9
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Count and noncount nouns with quantifiers
11
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Expressing contrast and comparison (although, however, etc
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Expressing purpose and result (so that, too, etc
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Advanced conditional sentences (zero, first, second, third type)
15
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)
16
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Compound nouns, adjectives, and adverbs
18
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Linking words (and, or, but, etc
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Correct word usage and vocabulary (near synonear-synonymss, etc
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Sentence connectors (however, therefore, thus, etc
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Correct verb tense usage in complex sentences
23
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Correct use of prepositions (in, on, at, etc
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Correct use of pronouns (he, she, it, etc
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Correct use of verb forms (base form, -s form, -ing form, etc
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Correct use of adjective forms (positive, comparative, superlative)
28
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Correct use of subject-verb agreement in complex sentences
30
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1
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It can also be used to express feelings or opinions and
to make polite requests or suggestions
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(Unreal condition)
I suggest that the committee meets tomorrow
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(Necessity)
Some more examples:
If I were you, I would take that opportunity
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(Wish)
It's crucial that the meeting starts on time
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(Polite request)
Use cases:
The subjunctive mood is often used in formal writing, such as legal documents, academic papers, and
official statements
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In everyday conversation, the subjunctive mood can be used to make polite
requests or suggestions or to express hypothetical or counterfactual situations
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It is useful for conveying subtle differences in meaning, expressing opinions,
or making polite requests
...
Gerunds and Infinitives with Idiomatic Expressions: Gerunds and infinitives can be used with idiomatic
expressions to express various meanings, such as reason, purpose, result, or method
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(Reason)
I came here to see the concert
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(Result)
He needs to study harder if he wants to pass the test
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(Purpose)
I stopped smoking to live a healthier life
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(Result)
He tried to catch the ball but missed it
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(Reason)
Use cases:
Idiomatic expressions that use gerunds or infinitives with prepositions such as "to," "for," "by," "of,"
etc
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They describe reasons, purposes, results, methods, and other relationships
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They are used to convey the relationships between actions and events
and are a fundamental part of the grammar of the English language
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They can be
used as subjects, objects, or complements
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(Subject)
I need to find out where she lives
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(Complement)
Some more examples:
That he won the prize came as a surprise to everyone
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(Object)
The problem is what to do next
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(Subject)
The only thing I know is that I love you
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They are versatile tools for expressing complex thoughts and ideas and are especially useful
for making indirect statements, asking questions, and expressing opinions
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In
contrast, they can be used in academic writing to make complex arguments and give abstract concepts
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Understanding how to use noun clauses effectively is
important in improving your English language skills
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Adverb Clauses: Adverb clauses are dependent clauses that function as adverbs in a sentence
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Examples:
After I finish my homework, I will watch TV
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(Reason)
She works hard, but she doesn't get paid well
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(Comparison)
If you see her, tell her to call me
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(Time)
I would have gone to the party, but I was too tired
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(Contrast)
The more I learn, the more I realize how little I know
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(Condition)
Use cases:
Adverb clauses are widely used in spoken and written English and are particularly useful for expressing
complex relationships between actions and events
...


In academic writing, adverb clauses are often used to support arguments and provide additional
information
...

In conclusion, adverb clauses are an essential part of the English language, and their use allows for
greater precision and expressiveness in communication
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5
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They are introduced by relative pronouns such as who, whom, whose, that, or
which
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(Defining relative clause)
The man whom I met at the party was very friendly
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(Non-defining relative clause)
Some more examples:
The city where I was born is famous for its food
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(Defining relative clause)
My friend, who is a doctor, is coming to visit me
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(Defining relative clause)
Use cases:
Relative clauses provide additional information about a noun in a sentence, making them a valuable tool
for expressing complex thoughts and ideas
...

In academic writing, relative clauses are often used to make complex arguments and provide
background information
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In conclusion, relative clauses are an essential part of the English language, and their use allows for
greater precision and expressiveness in communication
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6
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Examples:
She decided to study abroad
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(Reason)
The cake tastes delicious
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(Method)
Some more examples:
I remembered to turn off the lights
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(Reason)
The flowers looked beautiful in the sunshine
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(Method)
Use cases:
Verb + infinitive or -ing forms are widely used in English to express a range of meanings, including
purpose, reason, result, and method
...

In academic writing, verb + infinitive or -ing forms support arguments and provide additional
information
...

In conclusion, using verb + infinitive or -ing forms is an essential part of the English language and is a
valuable tool for expressing complex ideas and relationships
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They can express various meanings, such as location,
direction, or action
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(Action)
He looked up the word in the dictionary
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(Action)
Some more examples:
I put on my coat and left the house
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(Location)
He broke down and cried in front of everyone
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(Action)
Use cases:
Phrasal and multi-word verbs are often used in everyday English to express various meanings and ideas
...
In academic writing,
these verb patterns can provide more detail and support for arguments
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In conclusion, understanding and using verb patterns is essential to improving your English language
skills
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Modals and causative
verbs can also be used in the passive voice to express possibility, permission, ability, necessity, and
causality
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(Passive voice)
My mother might have baked the cake
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(Passive voice with a causative verb)
Some more examples:
The team must win the game
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(Passive voice with modal)
The cake can be made with any fruit
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(Passive voice)
Use cases:

The passive voice is often used in written and spoken English to focus on the receiver or the result of an
action rather than the performer
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Modals and causative verbs in the passive voice express different possibility, permission, ability,
necessity, or causality levels
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In academic writing, the passive voice can present scientific or research results neutrally and objectively
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In conclusion, using passive voice with modals and causative verbs can add variety and nuance to your
writing and speaking and can express various meanings and ideas
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Past Participles as Adjectives: Past participles are verb forms that can be used as adjectives to
describe nouns or pronouns
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Examples:
The broken vase needs to be fixed
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(Fallen - past participle used as an adjective)
Past participles can provide additional information about the nouns or pronouns they modify, indicating
the state or condition of the nouns or pronouns
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Other common examples of past participles used as adjectives include "burned," "damaged,"
"torn," "shocked," etc
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10
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Count nouns refer
to things that can be measured, such as books or people
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Quantifiers, such as many, few, some, etc
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Examples:

I have a few books
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(Noncount noun with quantifier)
I have some sand
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For count nouns, the quantifiers "few," "many," "several," etc
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For noncount nouns, the quantifiers "a lot of," "enough," "plenty of," etc
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It's important to choose the right quantifier that matches the type of noun being referred to, as count
and noncount nouns require different quantifiers
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11
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They can be used with idiomatic expressions to express
various meanings, such as location, time, or manner
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(Location)
She arrived at the party at 7 PM
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(Manner)
An idiom is a phrase whose meaning is not predictable from the usual meanings of its words
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Here are some additional examples:
She is in a bad mood
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(Ability)
She is fond of cats
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(Situation)
He is up to no good
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Expressing Contrast and Comparison: Words and phrases such as although, however, in contrast, on
the other hand, etc
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Examples:
Although it's cold outside, I'm going for a walk
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However, she needs to get paid better
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Also, words and phrases like "similar to," "as
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as" can also be
used to make comparisons between things
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(Comparative form of the adjective)
That is the biggest elephant I've ever seen
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(Comparison using "similar to")
She sings as beautifully as an angel
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as")
This cake is less sweet than that cake
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as")

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, can express purpose or
result in a sentence
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(Purpose)
She ran fast so that she would win the race
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can also be used to express
the result in a sentence
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(Result)
He was late
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(Result)

14
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Each type expresses a different level of possibility or certainty
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(Factual condition)
First Conditional: If it rains, I will stay indoors
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(Unreal condition)
Third Conditional: If I had studied harder, I would have passed the test
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Zero conditionals express a general truth or fact that is always true, regardless
of the situation
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Second, conditionals express an unrealistic or hypothetical concern, often with a focus on
the present or future
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15
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can express
speculation or assumption in a sentence
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(Speculation)
He must be tired after working all night
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The words used to express belief or assumption provide different levels of
certainty, from "might," which is the most uncertain, to "must," which is the most certain
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On the other hand, in the sentence "He must be
tired after working all night," the speaker assumes that he is tired because of the evidence of him
working all night
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The
level of certainty expressed by the words can affect the listener's perception of the speaker's confidence
in their statement
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Complex Adjective Clauses: Adjective clauses are dependent clauses that function as adjectives in a
sentence, providing additional information about a noun
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Examples:
The book, which I read last night, was very interesting
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(Defining relative clause)
The book I bought, which was on sale, was a great deal
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Compound Nouns, Adjectives, and Adverbs: Compound nouns, adjectives, and adverbs are formed
by combining two or more words to create a new word with a different meaning
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Word Forms (Prefixes, Suffixes, Roots): Prefixes, suffixes, and roots can be added to a word to create
new dishes with different meanings
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Linking Words: Linking words connect ideas and sentences logically and cohesively
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They can indicate relationships such
as addition, contrast, comparison, cause and effect, and others
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(And indicating addition)
I am tired, but I will finish the work anyway
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(Although indicating contrast)

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This includes using words accurately and appropriately in
context, understanding near-synonyms (words with similar meanings), and using antonyms (words with
opposite meanings)
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(Correct word usage)
The weather is hot and humid
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(Correct word usage and vocabulary)

21
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Some common sentence connectors are "however,” "therefore,”
"thus,” "furthermore,” "in addition,” etc
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Examples:
I am going to the store
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(However, connecting two
sentences to show contrast)
The sun is shining
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(Therefore, connecting two sentences to show
cause and effect)

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It is important to use the correct verb tense in complex sentences to maintain clarity and
coherence
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(Correct verb tense usage in a complex sentence)
If I had more time, I would have gone to the park
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Correct Use of Articles: Articles are used before nouns to indicate whether they are specific or
general
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Examples:

The dog is barking
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(Correct use of indefinite article "a")

24
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Correct use of prepositions is important for clear
and accurate communication
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(Correct use of the preposition "to")
She is standing on the chair
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Correct Use of Pronouns: Pronouns are used to replace nouns and are an important part of the
language for avoiding repetition
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Examples:
He is my friend
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(Correct use of the pronoun "she")

26
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Using the correct verb form is important to maintain grammatical correctness and clarity
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Examples:
She walks to the park
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(Correct use of verb-ing form)

27
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The correct shape of the adjective must be
used to maintain grammatical correctness
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(Correct use of a positive form of the adjective)
This is the taller building
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Correct Use of Adverb Forms: Adverbs can take different forms to express different degrees of
comparison, such as positive, comparative, and superlative
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Examples:
She sings beautifully
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(Correct use of a comparative form of adverb)

29
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This is especially important in complex sentences, where the issue may be
separated from the verb
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(Correct subject-verb agreement in a complex sentence)
If she is late, we will wait for her
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Correct Use of Parallel Structure in Sentences and Lists: Parallel structure refers to the repetition of a
grammatical pattern within a sentence or a list
...

Examples:
She likes to read, write, and sing
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(Correct use of parallel structure in a sentence)



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