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30 TOEFL Grammar Study Guide in (advanced level)

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Gerunds and infinitives with idiomatic expressions
3
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Adverb clauses
5
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Verb + infinitive or -ing forms
7
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Passive voice with modals and causative verbs
9
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Count and noncount nouns with quantifiers
11
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Expressing contrast and comparison (although, however, etc
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Expressing purpose and result (so that, too, etc
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Advanced conditional sentences (zero, first, second, third type)
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)
16
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Compound nouns, adjectives, and adverbs
18
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Linking words (and, or, but, etc
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Correct word usage and vocabulary (near synonear-synonymss, etc
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Sentence connectors (however, therefore, thus, etc
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Correct verb tense usage in complex sentences
23
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Correct use of prepositions (in, on, at, etc
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Correct use of pronouns (he, she, it, etc
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Correct use of verb forms (base form, -s form, -ing form, etc
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Correct use of adjective forms (positive, comparative, superlative)
28
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Correct use of subject-verb agreement in complex sentences
30
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It can also be used to express feelings or opinions and
to make polite requests or suggestions
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(Unreal condition)
I suggest that the committee meets tomorrow
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(Necessity)
Some more examples:
If I were you, I would take that opportunity
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(Wish)
It's crucial that the meeting starts on time
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(Polite request)
Use cases:
The subjunctive mood is often used in formal writing, such as legal documents, academic papers, and
official statements
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In everyday conversation, the subjunctive mood can be used to make polite
requests or suggestions or to express hypothetical or counterfactual situations
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It is useful for conveying subtle differences in meaning, expressing opinions,
or making polite requests
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Gerunds and Infinitives with Idiomatic Expressions: Gerunds and infinitives can be used with idiomatic
expressions to express various meanings, such as reason, purpose, result, or method
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(Reason)
I came here to see the concert
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(Result)
He needs to study harder if he wants to pass the test
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(Purpose)
I stopped smoking to live a healthier life
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(Result)
He tried to catch the ball but missed it
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(Reason)
Use cases:
Idiomatic expressions that use gerunds or infinitives with prepositions such as "to," "for," "by," "of,"
etc
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They describe reasons, purposes, results, methods, and other relationships
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They are used to convey the relationships between actions and events
and are a fundamental part of the grammar of the English language
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They can be
used as subjects, objects, or complements
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(Subject)
I need to find out where she lives
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(Complement)
Some more examples:
That he won the prize came as a surprise to everyone
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(Object)
The problem is what to do next
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(Subject)
The only thing I know is that I love you
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They are versatile tools for expressing complex thoughts and ideas and are especially useful
for making indirect statements, asking questions, and expressing opinions
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In
contrast, they can be used in academic writing to make complex arguments and give abstract concepts
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Understanding how to use noun clauses effectively is
important in improving your English language skills
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Adverb Clauses: Adverb clauses are dependent clauses that function as adverbs in a sentence
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Examples:
After I finish my homework, I will watch TV
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(Reason)
She works hard, but she doesn't get paid well
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(Comparison)
If you see her, tell her to call me
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(Time)
I would have gone to the party, but I was too tired
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(Contrast)
The more I learn, the more I realize how little I know
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(Condition)
Use cases:
Adverb clauses are widely used in spoken and written English and are particularly useful for expressing
complex relationships between actions and events
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In academic writing, adverb clauses are often used to support arguments and provide additional
information
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In conclusion, adverb clauses are an essential part of the English language, and their use allows for
greater precision and expressiveness in communication
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They are introduced by relative pronouns such as who, whom, whose, that, or
which
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(Defining relative clause)
The man whom I met at the party was very friendly
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(Non-defining relative clause)
Some more examples:
The city where I was born is famous for its food
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(Defining relative clause)
My friend, who is a doctor, is coming to visit me
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(Defining relative clause)
Use cases:
Relative clauses provide additional information about a noun in a sentence, making them a valuable tool
for expressing complex thoughts and ideas
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In academic writing, relative clauses are often used to make complex arguments and provide
background information
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In conclusion, relative clauses are an essential part of the English language, and their use allows for
greater precision and expressiveness in communication
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Examples:
She decided to study abroad
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(Reason)
The cake tastes delicious
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(Method)
Some more examples:
I remembered to turn off the lights
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(Reason)
The flowers looked beautiful in the sunshine
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(Method)
Use cases:
Verb + infinitive or -ing forms are widely used in English to express a range of meanings, including
purpose, reason, result, and method
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In academic writing, verb + infinitive or -ing forms support arguments and provide additional
information
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In conclusion, using verb + infinitive or -ing forms is an essential part of the English language and is a
valuable tool for expressing complex ideas and relationships
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They can express various meanings, such as location,
direction, or action
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(Action)
He looked up the word in the dictionary
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(Action)
Some more examples:
I put on my coat and left the house
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(Location)
He broke down and cried in front of everyone
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(Action)
Use cases:
Phrasal and multi-word verbs are often used in everyday English to express various meanings and ideas
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In academic writing,
these verb patterns can provide more detail and support for arguments
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In conclusion, understanding and using verb patterns is essential to improving your English language
skills
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Modals and causative
verbs can also be used in the passive voice to express possibility, permission, ability, necessity, and
causality
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(Passive voice)
My mother might have baked the cake
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(Passive voice with a causative verb)
Some more examples:
The team must win the game
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(Passive voice with modal)
The cake can be made with any fruit
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(Passive voice)
Use cases:

The passive voice is often used in written and spoken English to focus on the receiver or the result of an
action rather than the performer
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Modals and causative verbs in the passive voice express different possibility, permission, ability,
necessity, or causality levels
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In academic writing, the passive voice can present scientific or research results neutrally and objectively
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In conclusion, using passive voice with modals and causative verbs can add variety and nuance to your
writing and speaking and can express various meanings and ideas
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Past Participles as Adjectives: Past participles are verb forms that can be used as adjectives to
describe nouns or pronouns
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Examples:
The broken vase needs to be fixed
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(Fallen - past participle used as an adjective)
Past participles can provide additional information about the nouns or pronouns they modify, indicating
the state or condition of the nouns or pronouns
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Other common examples of past participles used as adjectives include "burned," "damaged,"
"torn," "shocked," etc
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Count nouns refer
to things that can be measured, such as books or people
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Quantifiers, such as many, few, some, etc
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Examples:

I have a few books
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(Noncount noun with quantifier)
I have some sand
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For count nouns, the quantifiers "few," "many," "several," etc
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For noncount nouns, the quantifiers "a lot of," "enough," "plenty of," etc
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It's important to choose the right quantifier that matches the type of noun being referred to, as count
and noncount nouns require different quantifiers
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They can be used with idiomatic expressions to express
various meanings, such as location, time, or manner
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(Location)
She arrived at the party at 7 PM
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(Manner)
An idiom is a phrase whose meaning is not predictable from the usual meanings of its words
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Here are some additional examples:
She is in a bad mood
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(Ability)
She is fond of cats
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(Situation)
He is up to no good
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Expressing Contrast and Comparison: Words and phrases such as although, however, in contrast, on
the other hand, etc
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Examples:
Although it's cold outside, I'm going for a walk
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However, she needs to get paid better
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Also, words and phrases like "similar to," "as
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as" can also be
used to make comparisons between things
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(Comparative form of the adjective)
That is the biggest

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