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30 TOEFL Grammar Study Guide in (advanced level)

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Gerunds and infinitives with idiomatic expressions
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Adverb clauses
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Verb + infinitive or -ing forms
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Passive voice with modals and causative verbs
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Count and noncount nouns with quantifiers
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Expressing contrast and comparison (although, however, etc
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Expressing purpose and result (so that, too, etc
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Advanced conditional sentences (zero, first, second, third type)
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)
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Compound nouns, adjectives, and adverbs
18
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Linking words (and, or, but, etc
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Correct word usage and vocabulary (near synonear-synonymss, etc
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Sentence connectors (however, therefore, thus, etc
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Correct verb tense usage in complex sentences
23
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Correct use of prepositions (in, on, at, etc
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Correct use of pronouns (he, she, it, etc
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Correct use of verb forms (base form, -s form, -ing form, etc
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Correct use of adjective forms (positive, comparative, superlative)
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Correct use of subject-verb agreement in complex sentences
30
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It can also be used to express feelings or opinions and
to make polite requests or suggestions
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(Unreal condition)
I suggest that the committee meets tomorrow
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(Necessity)
Some more examples:
If I were you, I would take that opportunity
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(Wish)
It's crucial that the meeting starts on time
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(Polite request)
Use cases:
The subjunctive mood is often used in formal writing, such as legal documents, academic papers, and
official statements
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In everyday conversation, the subjunctive mood can be used to make polite
requests or suggestions or to express hypothetical or counterfactual situations
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It is useful for conveying subtle differences in meaning, expressing opinions,
or making polite requests
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Gerunds and Infinitives with Idiomatic Expressions: Gerunds and infinitives can be used with idiomatic
expressions to express various meanings, such as reason, purpose, result, or method
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(Reason)
I came here to see the concert
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(Result)
He needs to study harder if he wants to pass the test
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(Purpose)
I stopped smoking to live a healthier life
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(Result)
He tried to catch the ball but missed it
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(Reason)
Use cases:
Idiomatic expressions that use gerunds or infinitives with prepositions such as "to," "for," "by," "of,"
etc
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They describe reasons, purposes, results, methods, and other relationships
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They are used to convey the relationships between actions and events
and are a fundamental part of the grammar of the English language
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They can be
used as subjects, objects, or complements
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(Subject)
I need to find out where she lives
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(Complement)
Some more examples:
That he won the prize came as a surprise to everyone
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(Object)
The problem is what to do next
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(Subject)
The only thing I know is that I love you
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They are versatile tools for expressing complex thoughts and ideas and are especially useful
for making indirect statements, asking questions, and expressing opinions
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In
contrast, they can be used in academic writing to make complex arguments and give abstract concepts
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Understanding how to use noun clauses effectively is
important in improving your English language skills
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Adverb Clauses: Adverb clauses are dependent clauses that function as adverbs in a sentence
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Examples:
After I finish my homework, I will watch TV
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(Reason)
She works hard, but she doesn't get paid well
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(Comparison)
If you see her, tell her to call me
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(Time)
I would have gone to the party, but I was too tired
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(Contrast)
The more I learn, the more I realize how little I know
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(Condition)
Use cases:
Adverb clauses are widely used in spoken and written English and are particularly useful for expressing
complex relationships between actions and events
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In academic writing, adverb clauses are often used to support arguments and provide additional
information
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In conclusion, adverb clauses are an essential part of the English language, and their use allows for
greater precision and expressiveness in communication
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They are introduced by relative pronouns such as who, whom, whose, that, or
which
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(Defining relative clause)
The man whom I met at the party was very friendly
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(Non-defining relative clause)
Some more examples:
The city where I was born is famous for its food
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(Defining relative clause)
My friend, who is a doctor, is coming to visit me
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(Defining relative clause)
Use cases:
Relative clauses provide additional information about a noun in a sentence, making them a valuable tool
for expressing complex thoughts and ideas
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For example, using "must" in the passive voice can describe a strong
requirement, while using "might" can express a weaker possibility
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Business writing can express actions and decisions taken by an organization or group rather than a
specific individual
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They typically end in -ed or -en
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(Broken - past participle used as an adjective)
The fallen leaves need to be swept
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In the examples given, "broken" and "fallen" are used
to describe the shape of the vase and the leaves, respectively, and add descriptive detail to the
sentence
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These participles can often add emphasis, create visual images, and provide
greater detail to a sentence
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Count and Noncount Nouns with Quantifiers: Nouns can be counted or noncount
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Noncount nouns, such as water or sand, refer
to something that cannot be counted
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, can indicate quantity
or amount for the count or noncount nouns
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(Count noun with quantifier)
I have much water
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(Noncount noun with quantifier)
Count nouns and noncount nouns with quantifiers express the quantity or amount of a specific noun in a
sentence
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, are used to indicate the
quantity
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are used to indicate
the amount
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Mixing them up can result in incorrect grammar and
incorrect meaning in the sentence
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Prepositional Phrases with Idiomatic Expressions: Prepositional phrases are groups of words that
begin with a preposition and end with a noun
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Examples:
He is on the bus
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(Time)
He speaks softly
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Using
prepositional phrases with idiomatic expressions makes a sentence's importance more nuanced and
expressive
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(Condition)
He is good at cooking
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(Liking)
I am running out of time
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(Intentions)

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, can be used to express differences and comparisons between two ideas or
situations
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(Contrast)
She works hard
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(Comparison)
In addition, comparative and superlative adjectives, such as "bigger" or "the biggest,” can express
degrees of comparison
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as," and "not as
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Examples:
This shirt is bigger than that shirt
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(Superlative form of the adjective)
His painting style is similar to Van Gogh's
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(Comparison using "as
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(Comparison using "not as
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Expressing Purpose and Result: Words and phrases such as so that, too, etc
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Examples:
I'm going to the store to buy milk
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(Result)
Additionally, words and phrases such as a result, therefore, thus, hence, etc
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Examples:
She studied hard, and as a result, she passed the test
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Therefore he missed the start of the movie
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Advanced Conditional Sentences: There are four types of conditional sentences: zero, first, second,
and third
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Examples:
Zero Conditional: If you heat water, it boils
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(Probable condition)
Second Conditional: If I were rich, I would travel the world
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(Past hypothetical state)
These examples illustrate the different types of conditional sentences and the level of possibility or
certainty each expresses
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First, conditionals express a probable future outcome based on a condition that is likely
to happen
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Third conditionals express a hypothetical outcome that was not fulfilled in the
past and focused on the result of a past action or situation
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Expressing Speculation and Assumption: Words such as might, may, must, etc
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Examples:
She might be at the library
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(Assumption)
Expressing speculation and assumption allows us to talk about something that is not certain but based
on evidence or reasoning
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For example, in the sentence "She might be at the library," the speaker is unsure if she is at the library,
but it is a possibility based on evidence or reasoning
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It is important to note that speculation and assumption are not facts and should be used cautiously
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Complex adjective clauses can be formed
using relative pronouns, such as who, whom, whose, that, or which
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(Defining relative clause)
The man whom I met at the party was very friendly
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(Non-defining relative clause)

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Examples:
Toothbrush (Compound noun)
Good-looking (Compound adjective)
Quickly (Compound adverb)

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Examples:
Unhappy (Prefix)
Comfortable (Suffix)
Spect (Root)

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Common linking
words include "and,” "or,” "but,” "because,” "so,” "although,” etc
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Examples:
I want to go to the park and play basketball
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(But indicating contrast)

Although she is busy, she always finds time for her family
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Correct Word Usage and Vocabulary: Correct word usage and vocabulary areas are important for
clear and effective communication in English
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Examples:
She is an honest person
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(Correct vocabulary)
She is very intelligent but sometimes lacks common sense
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Sentence Connectors: Sentence connectors are words or phrases used to connect sentences and
express relationships between ideas
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These words help to show the connection between ideas and
to make writing more cohesive
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However, I need to finish my homework first
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Therefore, we can go to the beach
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Correct Verb Tense Usage in Complex Sentences: Verb tense is used to express the time frame of an
action
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Examples:
I was watching TV when she called
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(Correct verb tense usage in a complex sentence)

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The definite article "the" is used before particular nouns, while the indefinite articles "a" and
"an" is used before non-specific nouns
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(Correct use of the definite article "the")
A cat is sleeping on the bed
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Correct Use of Prepositions: Prepositions show relationships between nouns and other terms in a
sentence, such as time, location, direction, and others
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Examples:
I am going to the park
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(Correct use of the preposition "on")

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Using the correct pronoun in a sentence is important to maintain
clarity and avoid confusion
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(Correct use of the pronoun "he")
She is very smart
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Correct Use of Verb Forms: Verb forms are the different forms that verbs can take in a sentence
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Some
common verb forms include the base form, -s form, -ing form, past tense form, and others
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(Correct use of verb -s form)
He is eating breakfast
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Correct Use of Adjective Forms: Adjectives can take different forms to express different degrees of
comparison, such as positive, comparative, and superlative
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Examples:

She is a happy person
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(Correct use of a comparative form of the adjective)
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The correct shape of the adverb must be
used to maintain grammatical correctness
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(Correct use of a positive form of adverb)
This book is more interesting than that one
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Correct Use of Subject-Verb Agreement in Complex Sentences: In a sentence, the subject and verb
must agree in number
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Examples:
The students are studying for the test
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(Correct subject-verb agreement in a complex sentence)

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This helps to make writing clearer, more concise, and
more effective
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(Correct use of parallel structure in the list)
He not only studies hard but also plays sports

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