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content
Introduction
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5

CHAPTER I
1
...
The evolution of competitive wrestling
...
2
...
9
1
...
Anatomic-physiological and psycho-physical peculiarities of the age (16-19 years)
...
4
...
12
1
...
Determining factors in strength development
...
1
...
17
2
...
Research methods used in testing
...
3
...
23

CHAPTER III
3
...
Organization of research
...
2
...
26
3
...
Forms of manifestation of force in fights
...
4 The role of force in the practice of fighting
...
1
...
33
4
...
Aspects regarding the effort specific to fights
...
3
...
43

CONCLUSIONS
...
53

Introduction
The fights represent one of the oldest forms of competition born within the existence of
primitive man
...
Thus, being a competitive way to win food or a certain position as a status within
the group, after the socialization of primitive man, fighting officially became a test within the
competitions organized in the community
...
It represents the necessary motor support for
the multitude of technical actions specific to fighting, because a procedure cannot be performed, in
the concrete conditions of a wrestling match, without an appropriate development of this motor
quality
...

Strength in fights is required in the framework of grasping grips, lifts, opponent's projections and
imbalances, all these contractions manifesting themselves in conditions of resistance opposed by the
opponent and in various positions determined by the progress of the fight
...
During the experiment, the strength-speed and strengthresistance training level of the experimental group significantly improved compared to the control
group, thus confirming the research hypothesis and the methodology for manipulating the
experimental variables
...
They were designed according to the concrete material conditions available and according to
the particularities of the fighters in the experimental group
...
The additional training
aimed precisely at developing strength so that I could face the challenges of the competition
...

The systematic study of strength development, as well as sports ability, thus became a way
of scientific motivation
...
The clear differences between the control group and the experimental one
motivated both me and the participants in the study to systematically diversify our training
...
1
...

Fights represent one of the oldest forms of competition born within the existence of
primitive man, after his socialization
...

Regarding the age of wrestling competitions, historical documentary signs show us that, in
ancient Egypt, wrestling was practiced 5,000 years BC
...
In this sense, at Beni-Hassan there is an entire wall covered with a fresco representing the
phases of a fight, in approximately 120 figures that follow each other like on a film, representing a
real figurative manual of the fighting technique
...

We have the most evidence regarding the practice of fighting from ancient Greece and the
Roman Empire, when fighting was treated as basic forms for the development of the individual
...
Combat
training was considered to complete the education of young people and becoming essential
...

The Greeks introduced wrestling within the Olympic trials, in three forms, two of which
were introduced only from the 18th Olympiad:
- the first form of combat, within the pentathlon; similar to Greco-Roman battles;
- another form of fighting, which also allowed brutal actions, with the grabbing of all
segments similar to free fights;
- the third form of fighting, the so-called "Pancratione" (pancration), a particularly brutal
form based on twisting the limbs, slamming and hitting the opponent
...
We can say that the systematic preparation of
the participants for the competitions within the ancient Olympic Games, constitutes the first form of
organized training for fighting
...
The Roman population, with warlike
beginnings, transferred the values of the Greek society and subordinated them to their own interests
...

So the Olympic Games lost their essence and the fights were transferred to the arenas with
gladiator fights
...

The gladiator fights (hoplomachia) were joined by wild animal fights (venationes), where the
fighters were armed and, a third form of fight (bestiaris), in which the fighters, usually condemned to
death, were brought into the arena unarmed for to fight the beasts
...

in the year 394 en Theodosius, the emperor of Byzantium, forbids the Olympic Games and
the fights are abolished
...
Thus, over time, the
Mongolian, Georgian, English, Swiss fights developed, and in the Geto-Dacian territory, the slam or
hand-to-hand fight or straight fight as it was also called
...
Although there were no written
regulations, these competitions strictly followed a certain regulation transmitted by word of mouth
...

The small tradesmen formed trades castes bringing young apprentices from the villages who
brought with them different customs, among which the fighting contests
...
Following the appetite for these forms of competition was the appearance
of works with writings and drawings about fights
...
Thus, the fights benefited from a
certain coloratura that pushed their development
...

The concerns and interest shown for wrestling were happily tied together with the
resumption of the modern Olympic Games in 1896, where wrestling was included from the first
edition
...
The concerns were
about time
...


In 1912, when FILA was founded, the Olympic Games program already included the two forms
of wrestling competition: Greco-Roman wrestling and freestyle wrestling included in 1908
...

At the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games, the number of wrestlers present was
very low, namely 5, but it increased constantly in the following editions, so that at the 20th edition,
in Munich, in 1972, they took part 80 times more fighters respectively 398
...

In this context, the presence of 40 fighters in a single category, at the 2nd edition of the Olympic
Games (Paris, 1900), remains a record figure in the history of Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling
competitions
...
Their number varies over time, as seen in the exposed
foil
...

At the 1912 Olympic Games, held in Stockholm, alongside the 3 2 more categories appear the feather and semi-heavy category
...
The 7 weight categories were maintained until the 1948 Olympic Games
(London), when the 8th category - the flyweight category - was introduced
...

On the occasion of the 1969 World Championships, 10 weight categories appeared (starting with 48
kg - and the last 130 kg), which were maintained until the 1996 Olympic Games (Atlanta), after
which it returned to 7 weight categories which are and in the present
...
The
last modification of the weight categories - downwards - was due to the need to shorten the duration
of the competition from 3 to 2 days, imposed by the International Olympic Committee
...
2 CRITICAL STUDY REGARDING FORCE DEVELOPMENT IN
FIGHT
Force is the basis of all movements, and therefore we do not believe that we are wrong when
we say that man needed force when he moved on to building shelters, continuing with the need to
fight for their preservation
...

We can talk about strength starting from the primitive commune, when procuring food
required people to fight with animals, a fact that shows by itself that hunters had to be strong
...
The winners of
wrestling contests in ancient Greece often performed displays of strength that were appreciated by
the public, a fact reflected in the penetration of these "feats" into legend
...

The concern for the development of strength, power, in the context of a harmonious physical
development constituted, in fact, the harmonious ideal that characterized ancient Greece
...
Today, one cannot even talk
about practicing a sport without a certain degree of strength development, not to mention that in
some sports or events (such as weightlifting, wrestling, athletic throws, bodybuilding, etc
...


1
...
ANATOMIC-PHYSIOLOGICAL PARTICULARS
AND PSYCHO-PHYSICAL AGE (16-19 YEARS)
The second phase of puberty/adolescence represents the final phase of growth, characterized
by a slowdown in all parameters of growth and development
...
The differences between boys and girls are accentuated in terms of size, body proportions,
functional indices and, in general, effort capacity
...
Body proportions are harmonized , facilitating the improvement of
coordination
...


9

From the point of view of muscle mass, boys have an advance of about 13% compared to girls and a
difference in muscle strength of 8-10 kg at 15 years and, respectively 15-20 kg at 18 years old
...

Regarding the nervous system
...

The increased functional mobility of excitation and inhibition favors the development of
speed and skill, and increased cortical plasticity positively influences the ability to print new
engrams (traces left by an excitant on the nervous system), which explains the possibility of motor
acquisition at this age
...

At this age, the most spectacular changes are observed in terms of the development of the
functional capacity of the major apparatuses and vegetative systems (circulation, breathing, somatic
and vegetative nervous regulation)
...
Regarding the systolic
volume, there are differences between boys and girls: Barhard, B, 1968, found values of 70 ml in 16year-old boys and, respectively, 45-50 ml in girls of the same age
...
Cardiac output is 3
...
7 1/min up to 18 years, and in 16-year-old boys values were found, on average, of 4
...
7 1/min, therefore approaching the values of adults (5 l/min)
...
The respiratory system is morphologically
close to that of adults, but not from a functional point of view, although it develops continuously
(Nicu, A
...

A continuous improvement of pulmonary ventilation is observed, decreasing the frequency of
respiratory movements, but at the same time increasing the amplitude of respiratory movements as a
result of the gradual increase in the current respiratory volume
...
register increases significant during this period
...

At this age, the differences in relation to sex increase, with girls having a physical capacity
for effort, in general, lower than boys of the same age
...

The stabilization of hormonal regulation determines a physical balance during this period,
doubled by a growing mental balance, influenced by the complex interaction of school, family and
society
...
Also, adolescence, due to the particularities specific to the age, it is
a period in which action can be taken, both for the improvement of the technique and for the
development of all the physical qualities specific to a sports branch
...
Complex motor
coordination is easily acquired and retained
...


1
...
DEFINITION OF FORCE IN LITERATURE
SPECIALIZED
The term force in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language, 1996, is described
as: "1
...
2
...
Energy (moral)
...
3
...


11

Numerous authors were concerned with the motor quality - Strength - formulating various
definitions of it
...

In 1973 (Fox-Mathews) strength was defined: "the tension that a muscle can oppose to an
external resistance in a single maximum effort"
...
Igumenov, 1976, states about strength that it can be defined as "a capacity that allows one
to face an external pressure by means of muscular effort"
...
Demeter (1979) defined strength as "the ability of the neuro-muscular system to
overcome resistance through movement based on muscle contraction"
...
Mitra and Al
...

lP Vascul, 1978, presents strength (in fights) as "the fighter's ability to perform technical
procedures defeating the opponent's active and passive resistance, as well as to oppose his actions
through muscle contractions"
...
Cismaş, 1987, also referring to strength in Greco- Roman wrestling, says that it
"represents the fighter's ability to perform technical procedures, overcoming active resistance
(resulting from segmental muscle contractions, changing placement, changing levers etc
...
Nicu, A
...
, 1993, define
force : "man's ability (biological and mental) to overcome an external resistance measured in
kilograms, with the help of dumbbells and dynamometry"
...
, 1996, says that "in essence,
the strength of the human body (and not that which constitutes a mechanical characteristic of the
movement of any body) consists in the ability to make efforts to overcome or yield in relation to
external or internal resistance , through the contraction of one or more muscle groups"
...

Noting that a clear definition of strength cannot be given, Bota, C
...
agree
that "strength is that motor quality through which the athlete can overcomes a resistance due to
muscle contractions"
...
, 1997, Adenosine triphosphoric acid/ATP in muscles represents
the energy source of muscle contraction and therefore the biochemical basis of contraction (force);
by the degradation of some ATP molecules releasing an energy of 7-12 kcal
...


13

1
...
DETERMINING FACTORS IN STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT
...

From a didactic point of view (C
...
Prodescu, 1997) the determining factors of

strength are divided into two groups: - central and peripheral
...
The central factors refer to the activity of the nervous bodies involved in the elaboration of the
commands (voluntary or involuntary) that condition the force, to which is added the coordination
capacity of the muscles (intra/intermuscular) and the regulation of muscle tone
...
The peripheral factors mentioned in the mentioned bibliographic source are:
- muscle diameter (muscle hypertrophy consisting in the increase in the number of
myofibrils and the amount of contractile protein);
- the volume of the muscle (the product between its diameter and its length);
- muscle structure (fast/white/fast fibers participate in the development of maximum force in a
higher percentage than red/slow fibers);
- energy reserves (phosphagens: ATP and CP explosively release a large amount of shortterm energy);
- the length of muscle fibers and the angle of action
...
30 - 9
...

14

In addition to the known strength conditioning factors (V
...

Limiting our reference to the use of force in fights (IP Vascul, 1978) it depends on "the
correct application of levers and torques of force (correct execution of technical procedures), the
moment of force application, the use of one's own body weight and the use of inertia own movement
and that of the opponent"
...
1
...

The main purpose of the paper is to carry out an experimental study regarding the
development of the strength of junior fighters within the freestyle wrestling section of the
Hunedoara School Sports Club
...

The intensity of the current fight determines, on the part of the junior fighter, a development
at a higher level of all motor qualities, especially of the force in the speed regime and the force in
the resistance regime correlated with efficient technique and a modern style of conducting the fight
...


THE TASKS OF THE WORK

The work initially had the following tasks:
- studying specialized literature and planning documents;
- determining the level of strength development in juniors I;
- establishing the means and methods of developing strength in battles;
- practical argumentation of the proposed means
...

The hypothesis of the work starts from the idea that applying mainly certain training means,
regarding the motor quality of strength - taking into account age and individual characteristics as
well as the demands of the current competition, determined by the new FILA regulatory changes - we
ensure the development of the strength of the junior fighter at the level of intensity the current
competition
...
In other words, we consider that there are significant differences between the situation
before and after the experiment between the two experimental groups (experimental group and
control group), due to the administration of the independent variable (the set of specific means
used), on the dependent variable (force)
...
2 RESEARCH METHODS USED

The research methods used in the research are:
- The method of studying the specialized bibliography;
- The method of observation;
- Experiment method;
- The semi-structured interview method;
- Statistical method, data processing and interpretation
...
This involves searching for specialized bibliographic sources, consulting and
selecting them, processing and interpreting the information
...

The documentation for a scientific research is done by consulting the local specialized
bibliography, the coaches' notebooks, the record documents of the methodical-sports offices and, of
course, from the world specialized literature
...
This research method was used in order to synthesize the theoretical notions necessary for
our research
...
It must be carried out
according to a thematic plan and with the help of technical means designed to capture the
phenomena and processes being followed
...
The observation can be made from within
the observed process, when the researcher participates affectively and effectively in leading this
process
...

If the observation is made outside the studied process, the observer is called a researcher, and
the observation has the quality of being objective and of not exerting any kind of influence on the
development of the respective process or phenomenon
...

On the basis of my own experience and on the basis of the conversation with different
specialists, I managed to make as objective an observation as possible of the problems concerning
the allure (physiognomy) of competitive wrestling, the particularities of physical training and, in
particular, the strength training
...

The semi-structured interview method - represents an engaged discussion between the
researcher and the investigated subject
...

The researcher must have prepared the questions, the interview guide, and have information about
the subject in order to be able to motivate and engage him in the conversation
...

Through this method I managed to retain some particular aspects regarding the development
of the fighters' motor capacity
...

Like any method, the interview has advantages and disadvantages
...
a lack of receptivity of the subject can also be encountered
...

in our work we organized a pilot (preliminary) experiment, in which I checked my working
techniques
...
Concretely, I carried out an experiment in which I
developed and used a set of exercises for the development of combined strength-speed motor
qualities at the level of junior fighters
...

So, our experiment is of a functional type, challenged, to verify the previously formulated
hypothesis
...
The
increase in strength (if there will be any) observed in the subjects of the experimental group will be
the effect of the application of the independent variable and will therefore be the result or the
dependent variable
...
The trainings took place at the same times, without
disturbing the normal schedule until then
...

The statistical method of data processing - involves a very difficult work, which also
involves a great responsibility of the one who performs it
...
The trainings took place at the same times, without
disturbing the normal schedule until then
...

The statistical method of data processing - involves a very difficult work, which also
involves a great responsibility of the one who performs it
...
Of greater importance than the calculation of statistical
parameters is the exact knowledge of the meaning of their results and the correct interpretation of
the data
...
The means of two data series
may differ significantly (by chance) or significantly
...
We applied this test in the case of the two
groups, for the averages obtained at the final test
...

If the calculated value t > t

table

(to which p=0
...
01, so the difference between the two means is significant at the 0
...
chance
acts only in percentage of 1%
...
01 corresponds), then for the calculated t we

have p > 0
...

21

If the calculated t value is greater than the ta bei t value at the 0
...
01 threshold, then the difference is significant at the 0
...


22

2
...
CONTROL SAMPLES USED IN TESTS
The evaluation of the force in the speed regime and the force in the resistance regime was
carried out by means of two specific control samples:
1
...
1 (PI), for the FV evaluation (throws over the chest with the partner-3
executions, taking into account the time, in seconds)
...

2
...
2 (P2), for the evaluation of the FR (pull-ups in the arms of the fixed bar,
taking into account the maximum number of repetitions)
...
1
...
Thus, starting from the theoretical and practical premises regarding
strength development, we set out to verify whether, through the set of means used by us, in the
experimental group, higher indices of blade development will be obtained, compared to the control
group )
...

The subjects of the experimental and control group in the actual experiment were 16 juniors
from the wrestling section of CS DINAMO BUCURESTI
...

The groups (experimental and control) were formed randomly, respectively, one fighter in
the group for each weight category
...

The subjects of the experimental group were subjected to a separate strength training
between September 15, 2011 - May 10, 2012, the trainings took place at the same times, without
disturbing the normal schedule until then
...

I presented the results in tables and graphs
The total duration of the experiment is 8 months, respectively: September 15, 2011- May 10,
2012
...


24

experimental group

No
...


WEIGHT

(years)

1

50 Kg
...


18

3

60 Kg
...


18

5

74 Kg
...


18

7

96 Kg
...


19

Control group

No
...

1

CATEGORY
50 Kg
...


19

3

60 Kg
...


18

5

74 Kg
...


18

7

96 Kg
...


18

The subjects of the experimental group were subjected to a separate strength training, in 3
weekly trainings, in which the most appropriate specific means were used, chosen after adequate
documentation
...

As I mentioned before, I performed 3 different strength trainings/week with the experimental
harrow - compared to the control group, which followed its normal training program and the blade
development program
...
2
...
Specific exercises for strength development in speed mode
...
Individual exercises
1
...
repetitions of procedures with the mannequin 4rx30"+60"p;
3
...
successive entrances and exits from the bridge by overturning 4rx30"+60"p
...
Exercises with a partner
1
...
repeated inputs and lifts for different procedures 4rx30' '+40' 'p;
3
...
successive jumps with knees high over several partners in a fighting position on the
ground, about Im apart facing each other 4rx5 jump
...
running jumps with a tap on both feet and rolling over one or more partners in a
fighting position on the ground (or in a crouching position), side by side 10 jumps;
6
...
running with the partner in the arms, holding the trunk (at the level of the subaxillas)
26

and the lower limbs (at the level of the knees 2rx40"+40"p;
8
...
execution of various throwing procedures with maximum speed 5rx20"+40"p;
10
...
the execution of various throwing procedures at maximum speed, under conditions of
semi-resistance of the partner 5rxl5"+40"p;
12
...
lifts of the squatting partner, by reverse belting, with his turn 5rx30"+40' , p;
14
...
lying partner raises by reverse strapping 5rx30"+40"p;
16
...
squats with partner on shoulders 5rx30"+60"p;
18
...
short hires with partner exchange 4rx30"+40"p;

Methodological specifications:
 the set of exercises is all the more effective the faster the movements are performed
;
 the load is between 30-70% of the possibilities;
 the exercises with difficulties were performed in 3 series, composed of 3-5 executions;
 exercise duration between 15-30 seconds with a break of 40-60 seconds between executions
and 3 minutes between sets;
 the duration of the break was determined by the return of the pulse to 130-136 beats/min;

B
...

1
...
in standing apart, leaning forward with the forehead on the mat, various swings
4rx4G"+60"p;
27

2
...
from the "bridge", swings with flip and return 3rx40"+60"p;
4
...

5
...
Exercises with a partner
1
...
the execution of different sockets with the resistance of the partner 5rx40' '+40"p;
3
...
fixing and maintaining the partner in dangerous positions, he trying to free himself
6rx40"+30"p;
5
...
in guard position 4rx50"+40"p;
6
...
extended employment with exchange of partners 4rx300"+180"p
...
3
...
Demeter, s
...
, 1979), in the following three situations:
a
...
without changing the length of the muscle fibers;
b
...
in yielding/plyometric regime with increasing the total length or lengthening
of the muscle
...
Bota and B
...
Local
strength refers to the performance of a muscle contraction by means of a single muscle or a muscle
group, and general strength involves the contraction of the entire skeletal musculature
...

Human strength (A
...
, 1979) is defined as "a capacity
own to overcome an external resistance or to act against it based on the tension of the majority of
muscle groups and represents the general strength"
...

28

Muscle work and muscle functioning regime - depending on the presence or absence of
mechanical work, force can be divided into: dynamic force and static force
...
Maximum strength is
subdivided into: maximum strength, strength-speed and resistance-force
...

The maximum dynamic force is the greatest force that can be developed by the
neuromuscular system through an isotopic muscle contraction
...
Pellis
...

it is represented by the maximum weight lifted by requiring a specific muscle group and involves an
inter-coordination between the musculature of the limb and the respective joint
...

The maximum force is mainly manifested in lifting the opponent from the ground in order to
perform highly spectacular procedures (throws over the chest, etc
...

Concretely, in the case of executing a throw over the chest, we must consider the following in
addition to the force of muscle contraction (V
...

Strength-speed refers to overcoming a resistance with the highest speed of
contraction possible
...


29

Body weight - depending on which we can talk about absolute strength (the strength
developed without taking into account body weight) and relative strength (the ratio between absolute
strength and individual weight)
...
Pellis, 1987, said that "by absolute strength we mean the maximum weight that can be
lifted, with the massive demand of several muscle groups in perfect coordination with each other and
belonging to different muscle sectors"
...
Igumenov, 1976, adds, in addition to the mentioned types of force, the damping force - as
a variant of force combined with speed, which manifests itself in withdrawal movements, its
quantity being, sometimes, twice as much as that which it manifests itself in static conditions
...
Harre (cited by R
...

Another interesting classification is the one proposed by Kuznetsov WW, 1984 (cited by R
...

The aforementioned author divides dynamic force into three types: explosive (which
involves maximum acceleration); fast (which intervenes to overcome submaximal resistances, with
an acceleration of the same type); and slow (used to overcome high resistances with a practically
uniform speed)
...
Baroga, 1980)
...

Depending on the basic actions performed (Gh
...

Regardless of the criteria for classifying the forms of force manifestation, it must be taken
into account that during a fight there is not a single ( determining) form, but they intertwine
depending on the concrete conditions of training and competitions
...


3
...

Physical training is one of the basic compartments of the "total" training of fighters
...

Without force, we cannot react to the attack actions, and also we cannot initiate any
technical-tactical action with chances of victory over him
...

Because of this (the need to be strong), there were concerns about developing strength in order to
participate successfully in combat competitions
...
Petrov, 1973) represents the only active force engaged in the
performance of actions
...
Cismaş, 1987) the effort is achieved through the successive contraction of the
31

different muscle groups participating in the realization of the technical mechanism of the successive
contraction

of

the

different

muscle

groups

32

participating in the realization of the technical mechanism of the technical procedure
...

Strength represents the motor support necessary for the multitude of technical actions
specific to fighting, because a procedure cannot be executed (especially those based on lifts of the
opponent), in the concrete conditions of a wrestling match (opposition of the opponent), without an
appropriate development of this quality motor (Gh
...
1993)
...

During a regular fight, fighters are forced to perform static and dynamic muscle contractions,
which follow from one phase to another rapidly, a fact that requires adequate training in terms of
strength development
...
That is why the
fighters who possess these qualities (strength-speed) impose themselves through a dynamic fight
with the performance of many technical procedures from the most unexpected positions
...

Strength in fights is required in the framework of grasping grips, lifts, opponent's projections and
imbalances, all these contractions manifesting themselves in conditions of resistance opposed by the
opponent and in various positions determined by the progress of the fight
...
Cismaş, 1987)
...
l
...
Besides, "fighting is par excellence the sport of strong men"
...
So, the effectiveness of directing the force training process depends on the
optimal choice of training means and methods, as well as their distribution, within the annual cycle
...
M
...
Specific training for the
development of strength, in fights, is gaining more and more importance , because it is based on the
motor structure of specific technical procedures
...

Strength development methods differ by varying muscle efforts (resistance/loads) and
contraction speed
...
)
The development of force is achieved more quickly in the case of the use of sufficiently large
loads, which ensure optimal development in the shortest possible time
...
Baroga, 1980, graphically presents the distribution of loads according
to the different work regimes
...
D
...
Manno, 1992), starting from the work intensity (expressed by the percentage of
the maximum load), indicates the number of repetitions, the number of series, speed or intensity,
recovery time and eventual specificity in training (tab
...
1)
...

Practice has shown this and also the fact that medium weights and medium pace are
indicated at the beginning of work for the development of strength
...
Such a
methodology leads to exhaustion of the body and a decrease in muscle strength
...

In the training lessons with a small volume, but with a high intensity, 3-6 exercises are
performed, in those with a medium volume, 6-8 exercises
...

The place and sequence of strength exercises in training lessons is also important in
developing the most appropriate methodology
...

Also, in the case of the exclusive use of strength exercises in the same lessons, the initiation]
is performed, those that activate small muscle groups
...
g:
- the exercises for developing the strength of the neck and shoulder girdle muscles precede
those that require the abdominal girdle, back and leg muscles
...
When developing strength in speed mode,
3-6 repetitions are performed in 6-9 series
...
on average, a break of 1-3 minutes is
recommended during which relaxation and breathing exercises are performed
...

The magnitude of the strength work intensity is given by the weight lifted through one
exercise or another, by the resistance of the partner or the various devices (sliding, elastic) as well as
your own body weight (jumps, push-ups, pull-ups, climbing)
...

35

These intensities are characteristic of force development in speed mode
...

- the small volume - characteristic of pure sheet development exercises, consisting of 2,5005,000 kg
...

The continuous increase of effort in the framework of strength development takes into
account both volume and intensity parameters
...

The method of explosive type effort (Power-Traming) is applied in order to develop the sheet
in speed mode and provides intensities between 45-75%> of the possibilities, using 3-6 repetitions, in
6-9 series for each exercise
...
Progression Elements :
- increasing the number of repetitions;
- load increase;
- increasing the speed of execution
...
Within the method, there can be exercises with the barbell,
with the appropriate weights, exercises with a partner and with several partners successively
...

The circuit method This aspect of training the sheet, represents the common domain of
strength training as well as resistance
...
The intensity of the work effort is expected
to be half of that provided in competition or even lower
...

Beneath the physiological and biochemical layer of strength development in resistance
mode, it consists on the one hand of improving the functionality of the cardio-respiratory system,
and on the other hand of local muscle chemistry
...

Obtaining the sheet in resistance mode is also related to an increase in the local acidity
buffering capacity or a possible increase in the local energetic substrate
...

It is classified in:
- short circuit 4-6 stations, 50-70%;
- medium circuit 6-8 stations, 30-50% of the maximum possibilities
...
After
finishing a circuit, there is a break of 2-5 minutes, after which the next circuit is approached
...

The advantages of using this method are:
- it is an attractive method due to the variety of exercises;
- it is easy to fit in time;
- it has multilateral effects: physical, psychological, formative, motivational
...
Unlike all the other methods briefly described previously, it
is another way of developing strength, acting on some muscle groups in different positions by:
pushing, pressing, pressure against a mobile resistance
...


37

The static tension of the force produces an increased active tension of the fibers, which leads
to a greater increase in thickness, and implicitly in the force
...

The advantages of using this method are:
- precise development of different muscle groups;
- total work results in less overall fatigue;
- time is saved, the work duration being shorter than in the case of using other methods
...
6-9 series are used with breaks of 60-90 seconds between repetitions and between
exercises
...
This method aims to
increase the strength of the flexor muscles of the arms of the shoulder girdle, the muscles of the neck
and the extensor muscles of the back
...

This type of effort consists of the execution of muscle contractions in fixed positions that
lead to the development of static strength, the kind of strength necessary, in particular, in ground
fighting when performing various procedures from the range of rolling, overturning or fixing in a
dangerous position touch, but also in blocking different actions of the opponent (for example, the
muscles of the neck support the pressing action specific to the rolling procedures with headlock and
double nelson)
...
So, isometric exercises
can be used in preparation, the duration of a contraction should not exceed 5-6 seconds, and their
integral volume should not exceed 15% of the entire training process
...
These exercises of muscle relaxation can
be practiced especially during the rest between contractions or during the breaks of employment,
they represent a useful rest for the nerve centers and muscles
...

Through these non-specific and specific means, it is ensured:
- force development in speed mode;
- strength development in resistance mode;
- development of static-isometric strength
...
The
condition is that the loads are small, the resistance of the elastic objects is lower, and the partner
offers a lower resistance
...
the load will be different, depending on the weight category and training of
the athlete
...
They will have to be implemented gradually, with two to three months of their more
frequent application
...
Individual exercises (moving, jumping, crawling, moving from one position to another, bridge
and bridge variants)
...
Exercises with a partner (entrances with taking on the hip, entrances to the belt with lifting, lifting
from the ground, the execution of the procedure with a heavier partner, the kneeling bridge,
engagements with heavier or stronger opponents
...
Exercises with the mannequin
Method of segmental efforts
It involves the processing of the interested muscle groups in order to increase the muscle mass
and implicitly the strength in the speed regime
...
For this you can use dumbbells, pods, elastic bands, partner work, ropes,
fixed bar, various jumps, rope work, sledgehammer, etc
...

In the training process, the trainer must judiciously combine strength development methods
to ensure a rational development in relation to the other basic motor skills
...

Any factor that can influence, to a certain extent, the achievement of victory must be
investigated, known, analyzed and used as such by the coaches, who are directly responsible for the
quality of the results and the performance of the athletes in the official competitions
...
The effort made in
training is a conscious process of resistance to the specific demands of training, in order to achieve a
higher level of training, from a technical-tactical point of view and, also, to emphasize the
psychological factors whose effects are highlighted by improving the capacity of performance and
adaptation of the organs and functional systems involved
...
Petrov, 1973), recommended training with loads of 45% of
the maximum capacity, which was not very effective due to the fact that it required a long time and
a large number of repetitions
...
Petrov, 1973), training
with loads of 70% of the maximum possibilities leads to the important increase of strength and
speed indices
...
Petrov, 1973, said that Bulgarian fighters use the method "to the maximum", based on the
fundamental principle: "always a little more can be done"
...

In the practice of fighting, the following methods of strength development are known
(according to R
...
Isometric training can be used in fights, taking
into account the fact that certain muscle groups accumulate a mixed, isotonic load during the activity
- isometric;
- the repetition method, characterized by performing an exercise with a single
weight and changing the duration of the breaks between actions;
- the

differentiated

method,

which

involves

taking

action

to

develop

certain muscle groups
...
lgumenov, 1976, the methods of developing the fighters' torch are: the
method of maximum efforts, the method of repeated effort, the method of dynamic efforts, the method
of variation of effort, the isometric method
...
AB and Smimov,
KM, 1973), can be achieved in two ways, namely: developing the ability to move a mass as large as
possible with a change in acceleration (maximum force), or the of the maximum increase in
acceleration, the mass remaining the same (force-velocity)
...

"concessive" force development method , saying that "under the conditions of maximum
muscle tension in the "concessive" regime, the magnitude of the manifested force is much greater
than in the overcoming regime"
...
Manno, 1992), but it contributes to
the ability to show a superior strength-speed and strength-endurance effort
...

The development of maximum strength in fights must be done in parallel with that of relative
strength, which is very important, due to the obligation to participate in the competition within
certain body weight limits
...
, 1981) found significant decreases in muscle glycogen concentration and
41

dynamic strength, but not in aerobic or anaerobic capacity
...
Taylor, (cited by Houston, ME, 1981), et al observed
no change in grip strength when body weight was reduced by up to 10% through negative caloric
balance
...

R
...
Training for the development of maximum strength varies in
depending on the level of training, appreciating, however, that they should not be in a number
greater than 3-4 times
...
Cismaş, 1987, shows that in fights the following methods are used to develop strength:
- the method of efforts until refusal, in which loads between 35-60% of the muscle's
maximum capacity are used, in series of 20-25 repetitions
...

- the method of high efforts, used for the development of optimal maximum strength, is
characterized by the use of loads between 80-95% of the fighters' possibilities , related to the muscle
groups involved in the effort
...

- the method of maximal and supramaximal efforts, used only by advanced fighters (4-5
years of fighting practice), due to the size of the loads used, which can exceed 100% of the
possibilities (by 10-15%), in series with a single repetition
...

In general, for the development of strength, methods are used that require a high muscular
effort, applied with different contraction speeds
...
Manno,
1992): intensity, number of repetitions, number of series, speed of execution, frequency of
movements, sum of repetitions of an exercise, recovery times, weekly frequency of training sessions,
number of kilograms and repetitions/lesson (tonnage)
...
2
...

Chemical energy can be released through processes in which oxygen does not intervene
(anaerobic pathway) or through chemical reactions in which oxygen is indispensable (aerobic
pathway)
...

The sport of wrestling is characterized by large variations in the intensity of effort from one
situation to another, moments of maximum tension being followed by short moments of relaxation
...

Greco-Roman and free wrestling fall into the category of sports based on explosive force, in
which the technique is oriented towards the development of the greatest resources of force and
towards increasing the speed and precision of movements, under the conditions of changing
competition situations
...

Thus, from the point of view of duration, the fights belong to the category of medium
endurance efforts, characterized (in the specialized literature) by a heart rate (HR) between 180-200
beats/minute, a maximum oxygen consumption of 95- 100%, an aerobic-anaerobic ratio of 60-40%
and an energy consumption of 190 kj/minute
...

From a physiological point of view, the fighting effort (neuro-psychic, neuro-muscular,
endocrine-metabolic and cardio-vascular) of maximal intensity alternates with short periods of
43

submaximal effort, to all of which is added the pronounced complexity of the technique of struggles,
but also of effort
...

From a biomechanical point of view, wrestling is part of the category of acyclic sports with a
variable intensity of effort depending on the rapid change of combat situations
...
Explosive
force efforts, with dominant neuro-psychic and neuro-muscular demands, are of short duration but
of high intensity and follow each other at irregular time intervals
...

Along with courage, tenacity, perseverance, will, resistance to stress, emotional balance,
intelligence, self-control - indispensable qualities for fighting performers - an increased sense of
orientation on the mat, good muscle suppleness and joint mobility, doubled by an increased capacity
for coordination of large muscle groups
...
3
...
This program does not have also benefited the witness harrow that
carried out its usual training program
...
Testing intermediate took place on January 8, 2012
...

45

The test results of the actual experiment, as well as the interpretation, are presented below in
the form of tables and graphs
...
Time in seconds is taken into account
...
Crt
...
of HEAVY
...
INIT
...
INIT
...
FINE
...
15

Jan 8

May 10
...


6
...
8

4
...


6
...
9

5

3

60 Kg
...
5

5
...
8

4

66 Kg
...
9

6

5
...


7
...
5

5
...


7
...
1

6
...


8
...
2

6
...


9
...
3

7
...
48

6
...
72

Arithmetic mean

The results obtained in the 3 tests by the control group in the test: PI-Specific test-FV -:
Throw over the chest with the fixation of the trunk and the arm (3 consecutive executions with 3
partners of close weight, in a standing fighting position, in line, at Im distance from each other)
...


46

The results of the control group in test 1

No
...


HOW
...


TEST
...
(sec) TEST
...
(sec) TEST
...
15

Jan 8

(sec) May 30
...


6
...
4

6
...


6
...
2

6

3

60 Kg
...
8

6
...
5

4

66 Kg
...
1

6
...
6

5

74 Kg
...
3

7
...
9

6

84 Kg
...
2

8

7
...


9

8
...
4

8

120 Kg
...
9

9
...
2

7
...
36

7
...


The results obtained during the 3 tests by the experimental group at the test: P2 SPECIFIC TEST - F - R: Pull-ups in the arms at the fixed bar (maximum number of repetitions)

The results of the experimental group in test 2

No
...


HOW
...
TEST
...
(sec) TEST
...


TEST
...
15

(sec) Jan 8

(sec) May 30
...


22

30

37

2

55 Kg
...
3

29

35

3

60 Kg
...
3

31

34

4

66 Kg
...


27

32

35

6

84 Kg
...


20

27

31

8

120 Kg
...
3

27

22
...
12

33
...


47

The results obtained during the 3 tests by the control group: P2-Specific test -FR~: Pull-ups
in the arms at the fixed bar (Maximum number of repetitions)
...
of HEAVY
...
INIT
...
INIT
...


No
...


Sept
...


1

50 Kg
...


2
...


24

28

29

4

66 Kg
...


26

28

29

6

84 Kg
...


21

24

26

8

120 Kg
...
3

23 25

26,37

27
...


The statistical parameters that were calculated are: the arithmetic mean - x, as an indicator of
the central tendency and
...
standard deviation - s, coefficient of variation, as indicators
of dispersion
...
75

7
...
42

±1
...
35

CPl initially

7
...
3

1
...
34

16
...
56

6
...
82

±0
...
87

CPl initially

7
...
1

1
...
32

17
...
98

5
...
38

±1
...
56

Final CPl

7
...
9

1
...
35

18
...
22

2
...
69

±3
...
99

CP2 initiated

22
...
3

9
...
12

13
...


28
...
69

±3
...
57

CP2 int
...
55

27

10
...
28

12
...
33

34

21
...
60

14
...
88

28

11
...
33

12
...


The application of the t ("Student") test to the initial and final testing was carried out as
follows:
 We calculated the standard deviations of the two means;
 We calculated the standard deviation of the difference between the two means;
 I calculated t:
The results obtained after applying the t-test are presented in table no
...


Significance index t (for comparing means between groups
experimental and control group)
...
I

t = 0
...
5 (dif

not significant l a f = 1 6 , p = NEGLIGIBLE
0
...
05)
50

P2

t = 0
...
88 (dif

not significant l a f = 1 6 , p = not significant laf= 16, p =
0
...
02)

The fact that the training program proposed by us was effective was highlighted by
comparing the average results obtained by the junior fighters, members of the experimental group,
compared to those in the control group at the initial and final testing
...

From the analysis of the averages of the results obtained at the first test compared to the final
test, it is found that the differences between the averages are significant
...
05)
...

Following the analysis of the results obtained in the two specific tests, PI - Throwing over
the chest with fixation of the trunk and arm and respectively P2 - Tractions in the arms on the fixed
bar, we found the following aspects:


in the PI specific test, the experimental group recorded a decrease in execution time of
29
...
1%,
between the initial and final testing



in the specific test P2, the experimental group recorded an increase in the number of
repetitions of 45
...
4 %, between the initial and final testing

In this context, we can observe the fact that in the specific sample PI the effective difference
between the experimental group and the control group was 23
...
2%

51

Histogram no
...
2
The difference between the experimental group and the control group in sample P2 (%)

52

For a clearer observation of the previously presented aspects, Histogram no
...
2 showing the
values obtained by the subjects in the specific test will be viewed
...
Strength training should not be neglected, but at the same time should be applied in
accordance with the age and individual characteristics of each athlete
...

The applied methodology proved its effectiveness, this fact being confirmed by the
experimental approach that resulted in the development of the strength-speed and strength-resistance
qualities to a higher level
...

The exercises used in the experiment should not be considered as good and universally valid
...
However, these exercises can be used as
such, or modified, they represent a point of support and at the same time a starting point for
designing other exercises
...

The actual differences between the experimental group and the control group in the PI
specific sample were 23
...
2 %
...
1
and no
...


54

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...
, - Biochemistry and energetics of muscle contraction, BIOS Publishing House,
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2
...
L
...
Bucharest, Sport-Turism Publishing House,
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MOUSE
...
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4
...
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...
BOGDAN, C
...
Publishing
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GH
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GH
...
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GH
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SHOES
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KOLMANOVSKY
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...
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...
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...
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...
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55



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