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Study Guide

STUDY GUIDE
& WORKBOOK

Reprint March 2012

Copyright © 2010 by Master Books
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any manner whatsoever without written permission of
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4
The Grand Staircase and Noah’s Flood
...
9
Other Petrified Examples
...
16
Rapid Layer Deposition and Erosion
...
21
Petrified Forest – Conclusion
...
24
Meteor Crater Early History
...
29
Shoemaker’s Theory
...
33
Conclusion
...
Where did they come from? Why are they here? How
did they petrify? How do they fit in with the biblical view
of earth’s history?
Just farther west is a huge crater etched into the desert
limestone and sandstone
...
But evidence later revealed that this
crater was caused by a large meteorite hitting the earth at
an estimated 40,000 miles per hour, just a few thousand
years ago
...
But did something
like this cause the demise of the dinosaurs like so many
secular scientists believe today?
Meteor Crater, the Petrified Forest
...

This area is part of the _______________________,
a 10,000-foot-deep section of sedimentary strata,
starting at the top of ______________ Canyon
in Utah, and ending at the bottom of the Grand
Canyon
...

Much of this area is in the Chinle Formation, which
is in the lower middle of the Grand Staircase
...

6 • Explore Meteor Crater/Petrified Forest study guide

It is thought to have been formed over millions of
years, but there’s another story that better explains
the features we see
...

The ________________ of the great deep burst forth
and it rained for 40 days and nights non-stop, and
culminated in a year-long Flood
...
________________ covered the whole
earth for about a year
...
Water from the Flood rushed off
the continents, eroding valleys
...

The landscape of the entire southwest shows evidence
that there were two large lakes that existed eastward of
the _______________ Plateau
...

_________________ continued to erupt around this
Explore Meteor Crater/Petrified Forest study guide • 7

area, even after the Flood
...

Much of the Chinle Formation contains volcanic
______________ laid down by water
...
When it mixed
with sand and mud, this huge layer was deposited,
along with logs and dinosaurs
...
What is the Painted Desert?
2
...
How is Noah’s Flood a better explanation for
what we see in the Petrified Forest National
Park?

Bonus Activity:
Find a map and see if you can draw a circle around
the Grand Canyon, Meteor Crater, and the Petrified
Forest
...
Helens
...
Scientists
here say that they are millions and millions of years
old
...

Petrified Forest National Park is just 124 miles east
of Flagstaff, Arizona
...
Thousands of
petrified trees lie on the ground, mostly broken apart
into rounds
...
Also in the park are hills of
amazing colors
...
It screams “Catastrophe!”
Please note if the following statements are
true (T) or false (F)
...

________
Park signs say that this area was formed 225 million
years ago, but is this accurate? This date comes from a
belief in evolution and millions of years
...
________
Everyone agrees these logs were transported in and
by water, laid down here, then fossilized
...
________
You either think in long ages, a concept held by those
who believe in creation
...
________
First of all, the root balls on these logs are very small,
or just absent, which scientists see as evidence that
the original trees were ripped out of their original
location in a cataclysmic event
...
________
During the Flood, massive amounts of water rushed
across the land, uprooting much of the vegetation,
including large trees
...
________
The bark has been stripped off, so something
happened to cause the bark to be knocked off
...
Helens, we saw
something similar
...
Helens on
Spirit Lake
...
During the Flood
catastrophe we expect nothing less
...
Bark is commonly found in coal layers
...
They are large
...
The environment back then
was definitely better than today, but still suffered
the effects of the Curse because of the Fall of man
...
________
Why is this significant? Well, when the logs were
buried, the carbon would have traded places with the
silica in a chemical process called mummification, and
the logs were quickly fossilized
...
But with the right conditions,
such as a global Flood, it could take less than a year
...
Now that’s repeatable science! ________
Also, in Yellowstone National Park, scientists
experimented with putting logs in silica rich water and
in less than a year substantial fossilization occurred
...
In a few years or less, the large inland lakes
wore away at the limestone in the Kiabab Plateau,
and a massive erosional event occurred, where the
Grand Canyon was carved in just days
...

The exiting water eroded through these layers,
exposing the petrified tress and creating the “teepee”
geologic features
...

But in some places like Jasper Forest, the stumps
are buried in sandstone with pebbles
...

When a rock layer has pebbles, it’s usually a sign that
fast moving water was involved to round the rocks
...

It’s interesting that we find entire logs here, and not
just bits and pieces of them
...

the global Flood makes perfect sense!
Remember, don’t sample or take any pieces of
petrified wood
...

12 • Explore Meteor Crater/Petrified Forest study guide

Discussion Questions
1
...
What do the
genealogies found in the Bible that speak of
the world being around 6,000 years old mean
when looking at a biblical account of earth’s
history?
2
...
Helens in southern Washington State
...
Helens had a huge eruption,
causing the north side of the mountain to slide
into the valley below, resulting in the largest
______________ in recorded history
...

The wave was so huge that it pulled the entire forest
of large, mature trees back into the lake in less than a
few minutes
...
The logs rubbed together and the bark sunk
...

Eventually, up to 20,000 logs sank to the bottom
of the lake, and the layer of bark formed a layer of
____________________
...

If Mount St
...
Eventually the trees would
fossilize
...
Helens would look much like
what we see at Petrified Forest National Park, and
even the numerous levels of apparent petrified forests
at Specimen Ridge in Yellowstone National Park
...


Explore Meteor Crater/Petrified Forest study guide • 15

WHAT ABOUT THE
TEEPEES?
Fill in the blanks with words from the
following list:
uniformity Noah’s Flood
deposited
water erosion
monsoon layers

sediments
underwater

Driving along within the Petrified Forest National
Park you’ll see steep, cone-shaped hills, which are
called “the Teepees
...
Their shape
is the result of ___________________________
...
The ash and
clay erode quickly when this much rain falls over a
short period of time
...
How? Let’s look at the evidence
...
It was
not a local event, but huge, in order for the same
colored layers to stretch out for extreme distances
...

If it were a smaller event, then layers would be more
sporadic
...

Every volcanic eruption puts out different materials,
some coarse, some fine, so one layer is never the same
as the next
...

Slow and gradual processes would have laid down
these deposits with no _________________
...


Explore Meteor Crater/Petrified Forest study guide • 17

RAPID LAYER
DEPOSITION AND
EROSION
Fill in the blanks with words from the
following list:
earthen dam
periods
processes
ash layers
independent

hundreds
alternating
crater
formations

features
melted
debris
strata
airborne
erosional
Grand Canyon

Rapid layered deposits and erosion are not a fairy tale
...
Helens, the 1980 eruption
blasted the volcanic ash and debris to the north,
piling ash layers on top of the initial landslide
___________________
...

Then in 1982, Mount St
...

When the eruption happened, the snow and ice
________________
...

All of this ________________________ action
happened in just a few hours
...

These erosional _____________________ have
allowed scientists to view the layers laid down by
Mount St
...

What they observed was different layers of ash,
pumice and mud laid down rapidly, some by
________________________ processes, some by
water processes
...

Even in the hurricane force spread of deposition,
independent multiple layers were made
_________________________ between fine grain
and coarse materials
...
Helens helped researchers realize
how a catastrophe, like the Flood, can develop
________________________ multiple layers in the
strata, as well as large erosional features
...

So when someone thinks that geological features took
long ___________________ of time, this should be
immediately questioned
...

It’s just here that the layers were exposed,
then weathered away into these fantastic
_______________
...


Discussion Questions
1
...
Helens so important for researchers who
support a biblical time-line of history?
2
...
This
area obviously had a lot of catastrophe deposits
during the Flood
...
But
there is little evidence to support this theory
...

For instance, all of the strata are sedimentary rocks,
laid down repeatedly by water
...
The deposits indicate quick deposition,
including the ash beds in the teepee formations in the
park
...


Discussion Questions
1
...
How does
Explore Meteor Crater/Petrified Forest study guide • 21

the biblical account of the Great Flood give
an answer to why dinosaur fossils are found
around the world?
2
...
What do
we scientists theorize about your favorite dinosaur in
terms of where it may have lived, what it might have
eaten, and whether or not it was a predator?

22 • Explore Meteor Crater/Petrified Forest study guide

PETRIFIED FOREST
— CONCLUSION:
Petrified Forest National Park is a testament to the
destruction of the earth and God’s judgment against
sin in Genesis 6
...

We’ve found other catastrophic action at Mount
St
...

We see that the Bible can be trusted as an accurate
book of earth’s history
...


Explore Meteor Crater/Petrified Forest study guide • 23

ABOUT METEOR
CRATER
Northern Arizona is home to the Grand Canyon,
Lake Powell, the Painted Desert, and many other
geologic wonders
...
It is a crater in the Kiabab
Formation, the top layer seen at the Grand Canyon
...

Fill in the blanks with words from the
following list:
asteroid
dust layer
Shoemaker acid rain
Yucatan Peninsula

starved
meteorite

model
heat

Due to all of the volcanism in the area, it was once
thought to be a volcano
...

Here at Meteor Crater, Arizona, a 150-foot diameter
____________ slammed into the earth, creating this
gigantic crater we see here
...

24 • Explore Meteor Crater/Petrified Forest study guide

Because of what we know today about the earth’s
atmosphere and the ____________ experienced
during entry, the asteroid was most likely much larger
out in space
...
Eugene _________________
studied this crater, which led him on a worldwide
search to find other impact craters
...

Some say that a meteorite like this a hundred times
bigger crashed into the _____________________
causing the extinction of the dinosaurs
...

They say the meteor created a giant
____________________, wiping out all of the plants,
and thus wiping out the dinosaur’s food source
...
But there’s one major problem with this idea
...
We find them in
sedimentary rock layers, clay, sand, and dirt; this
means flood action, not a gigantic dust storm
...

But what does the evidence really show?

Explore Meteor Crater/Petrified Forest study guide • 25

Discussion Questions
1
...
What is it about where dinosaur fossils
are found that seems to indicate a meteor
impacting earth didn’t kill the dinosaurs?

Bonus Activity
Learn more about impacts
...
Drop a rock in the water
...
Now, take
the rock and use it to test impacts in a box of sand
...
Geologists told him it was volcanic because of
all the evidence for volcanism in the area
...

Please note if the following statements are
true (T) or false (F)
...

He didn’t do his research for science, but for profit
...
______
Meteorites are known to have high iron and nickel
content
...
But when nickel ore is
mined, you’re lucky to get 1 percent
...
A large meteorite could be
Explore Meteor Crater/Petrified Forest study guide • 27

sold for a very large amount of money, so he began to
try and find this one
...

______
He dug down 700 feet in the middle but came up
empty
...
Then he theorized the meteor came in at an
angle
...
______
Barringer and his team went down 13 feet and found
a few fragments, but not the big payoff of a meteorite
...
______

28 • Explore Meteor Crater/Petrified Forest study guide

MORE DETAILS ON
THE CRATER
What makes Meteor Crater so cool is that there are
few large craters so visible to the public
...

Meteor Crater is on the high desert of Arizona with
nothing to hide it
...

Meteor Crater is almost a mile wide and 750 feet
deep
...

______
With the meteorite coming in at approximately
40,000 mph, it caused a huge explosion on impact
...
______
Signs at the crater say that this event happened
around 500,000 years ago
...
______

Explore Meteor Crater/Petrified Forest study guide • 29

We know this event had to have happened before the
water receded after the global Flood because it sits in
a dry desert above the sedimentary rock
...
______
This area is part of the Grand Staircase, a 10,000
foot section of earth made of sedimentary layers laid
down during the global Flood
...
______
In just a few years, the lakes wore away at the
concrete in the Kiabab Plateau
...
______
Knowing that the Bible says the Flood ended around
4,350 years ago, and that these lakes existed after
the Flood, then since the crater is sitting above the
sedimentary layers, it might put this event at Meteor
Crater between 3,000 and 4,000 years ago! But we
can’t be dogmatic about it
...


30 • Explore Meteor Crater/Petrified Forest study guide

SHOEMAKER’S
THEORY
In the early 1960s Eugene Shoemaker began to visit
this area to study the crater
...
He studied craters at atomic test sites
in Nevada and spent time at Lowell Observatory in
Flagstaff to study crater impacts on the moon
...

To him, Meteor Crater was not an _______________
...

He discovered how catastrophic processes, like
______________ and nuclear bombs, create shatter
cones, which is evidence for the shock of a meteor
impact
...

He not only found impact craters on the continents,
but also on the ________________
...

He helped to train astronauts to study craters on the
_______________
...

He is the only person who has his ______________
buried on the moon
...
Because of his research, we now understand
so much more about how the earth has been impacted
through catastrophic meteor impacts
...

Fill in the blanks with words from the
following list:
numbers
carcasses
land-dwelling dust storm
population water

global flood quickly
quick burial Bible
tidal waves perished

There are many ideas on how the dinosaurs
died
...

We know the dinosaurs were buried in sedimentary
layers, which means they were buried in
_________________
...

If the dinosaurs died on land, then their bodies would
have decomposed or been eaten by scavengers
...

Explore Meteor Crater/Petrified Forest study guide • 33

But all evidence shows they were buried ___________
in sediments such as in sand and mud
...

This would have been the cause and the means for
______________ of the dinosaurs
...

Any animal outside the ark would have
__________________ in the Flood
...
The dinosaurs
simply starved to death in this scenario
...

Furthermore, dinosaurs were dying out after
the Flood, which tragically reduced their
__________________, of course
...

Yet none of these ideas can adequately explain what
we see, except for a global flood
...
The Bible’s explanation makes perfect sense
of what we are observing
...

But as creationists, we don’t look at the evidence first
...
We form our worldview
through the Bible and use it to view all evidence
...
Secular scientists look at the same
evidence we do, and interpret it differently because of
their worldview
...
This is where the debate rages, between
these two religions: humanism and biblical Christianity
...
It’s not just based on the
evidence, but our worldview
...
So do we trust in man’s opinion, or
God’s Word? We trust in God’s Word
God was there at the beginning; He made the world,
He destroyed it by a Flood, showing He has the power
to judge
...

Meteor Crater — What It REALLY Means
Meteor Crater reminds us that the earth is not
immune to catastrophic destruction from the heavens
...

When we look at the rocks in this area, evidence for
a global flood is all around and God’s judgment was
indeed a reality, showing that the Bible can be trusted
as a true book of earth’s history
...

God means business with his judgments and is calling
for people to repent (Acts 17:30)
...
When we see Flood sediments all
over the world, we see what God can do when people
do not repent
...
All people
have to do is enter through the door and be saved
...
Yet because of His great love, He has provided
salvation for all those who believe in His Son, Jesus
Christ — a door to salvation, for those who enter
through Him shall be saved
...

36 • Explore Meteor Crater/Petrified Forest study guide

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