Search for notes by fellow students, in your own course and all over the country.
Browse our notes for titles which look like what you need, you can preview any of the notes via a sample of the contents. After you're happy these are the notes you're after simply pop them into your shopping cart.
Title: Math's formula
Description: This small file will provide you an excellent quality of understanding of Trigonometric mathematical formulas. It'll provide you a precise content regarding Trigonometry.
Description: This small file will provide you an excellent quality of understanding of Trigonometric mathematical formulas. It'll provide you a precise content regarding Trigonometry.
Document Preview
Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above
Math Handbook
of Formulas, Processes and Tricks
Trigonometry
Prepared by: Earl L
...
03
October 3, 2013
Copyright 2012‐2013, Earl Whitney, Reno NV
...
In its current form, the handbook covers many of the subjects
contained in a Trigonometry course, but is not exhaustive
...
Revisions to this handbook will be provided on
www
...
us as they become available
...
03
Copyright 2012-2013, Earl Whitney, Reno, NV
...
03
Copyright 2012-2013, Earl Whitney, Reno, NV
...
us – Developed specifically for math students from Middle School to College, based on the
author's extensive experience in professional mathematics in a business setting and in math tutoring
...
http://www
...
us/
Wolfram Math World – Perhaps the premier site for mathematics on the Web
...
http://mathworld
...
com/
Khan Academy – Supplies a free online collection of thousands of micro lectures via YouTube on
numerous topics
...
www
...
org
Version 1
...
All Rights Reserved
10/03/2013
-5-
Trigonometry Handbook
Table of Contents
Analyze Math Trigonometry – Contains free Trigonometry tutorials and problems
...
http://www
...
com/Trigonometry
...
Each book in this series provides explanations of the
various topics in the course and a substantial number of problems for the
student to try
...
Schaum’s Outlines are available at Amazon
...
Note: This study guide was prepared to be a companion to most books on the subject of High
School Trigonometry
...
Version 1
...
All Rights Reserved
10/03/2013
-6-
Trigonometry
Trig Functions and Special Angles
Trigonometric Functions
SOH‐CAH‐TOA
sin
cos
sin
cos
cos
tan
tan
tan
Special Angles
Radians
0
sin
Trig Functions of Special Angles ( )
Degrees
0⁰
30⁰
√
√
√
√
√
60⁰
√
Version 1
...
All Rights Reserved
10/03/2013
-7-
Trigonometry
Trigonometric Function Values in Quadrants II, III, and IV
In quadrants other than Quadrant I, trigonometric values for angles are calculated in the following
manner:
Draw the angle θ on the Cartesian Plane
...
Find the value of the trigonometric function of
the angle in the previous step
...
Examples:
Θ in Quadrant II – Calculate: 180⁰
For
sin 60°
120⁰, base your work on 180°
√
, so:
∠
120°
60°
√
°
Θ in Quadrant III – Calculate:
∠
180⁰
For
210⁰, base your work on 210°
√
cos 30° √ , so:
°
180°
30°
Version 1
...
All Rights Reserved
10/03/2013
-8-
Trigonometry
The Unit Circle
The Unit Circle diagram below provides ‐ and ‐values on a circle of radius 1 at key angles
...
Using this diagram, it is easy to identify the sines and cosines of angles
that recur frequently in the study of Trigonometry
...
03
Copyright 2012-2013, Earl Whitney, Reno, NV
...
So:
sin
1
csc
and
csc
1
sin
The cosine and secant functions are reciprocals
...
So:
tan
Version 1
...
All Rights Reserved
10/03/2013
-10-
Trigonometry
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Inverse trigonometric functions ask the question: which angle has a function value of ? For example:
sin
0
...
5
...
It is equivalent to: tan
0
...
1
...
So, mathematicians have defined a primary solution for problems
involving inverse trigonometric functions
...
For example:
The solutions to
2
sin
0
...
That is, the set of all solutions to this equation contains the
two solutions in the interval 0, 2 , as well as all angles that are
integer multiples of 2 less or greater than those two angles
...
The primary value of for which
sin
0
...
5 is positive, and is
...
A table summarizing these
is provided in the table at right
...
cos
tan
Range
2
0
2
2
2
Version 1
...
All Rights Reserved
10/03/2013
-11-
Trigonometry
Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Version 1
...
All Rights Reserved
10/03/2013
-12-
Trigonometry
Key Angle Formulas
Angle Addition Formulas
sin
sin
sin cos sin cos
sin cos sin cos
tan
cos
cos
cos cos
cos cos
tan
cos 2
sin sin
sin sin
Double Angle Formulas
sin 2 2 sin cos
tan 2
cos
sin
1 2 sin
2 cos
1
Half Angle Formulas
The use of a “+” or “‐“ sign in the half angle
sin
cos
formulas depends on the quadrant in which
the angle resides
...
Signs of Trig Functions
By Quadrant
tan
sin +
sin +
cos ‐
cos +
tan ‐
tan +
x
sin ‐
sin ‐
cos ‐
cos +
tan +
tan –
y
Version 1
...
All Rights Reserved
10/03/2013
-13-
Trigonometry
Key Angle Formulas (cont’d)
Power Reducing Formulas
sin
tan
cos
Product‐to‐Sum Formulas
∙
∙
∙
∙
Sum‐to‐Product Formulas
∙
∙
∙
∙
∙
∙
∙
∙
Version 1
...
All Rights Reserved
10/03/2013
-14-
Trigonometry
Key Angle Formulas (cont’d)
Cofunctions
Each trigonometric function has a cofunction with symmetric properties in Quadrant I
...
sin
cos 90°
cos
sin 90°
tan
cot 90°
cot
tan 90°
sec
csc 90°
csc
sec 90°
A
c
b
B
C
a
Law of Sines (see above illustration)
Pythagorean Identities (for any angle θ)
sin
cos
sec
1
tan
csc
1
cot
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
Law of Cosines (see above illustration)
1
Version 1
...
All Rights Reserved
10/03/2013
-15-
Trigonometry
Solving an Oblique Triangle
Several methods exist to solve an oblique triangle, i
...
, a triangle with no right angle
...
All methods require that the length of
at least one side be provided
...
Note that if
two angle measures are provided, the measure of the third is determined (because the sum of all
three angle measures must be 180˚)
...
Given Three Sides and no Angles (SSS)
Given three segment lengths and no angle measures, do the following:
Use the Law of Cosines to determine the measure of one angle
...
Subtract the sum of the measures of the two known angles from 180˚ to obtain the measure
of the remaining angle
...
Use the Law of Sines to determine the measure of one of the two remaining angles
...
Given One Side and Two Angles (ASA or AAS)
Given one segment length and the measures of two angles, do the following:
Subtract the sum of the measures of the two known angles from 180˚ to obtain the measure
of the remaining angle
...
Given Two Sides and an Angle not between Them (SSA)
This is the Ambiguous Case
...
The possibilities are discussed on the next several pages
...
03
Copyright 2012-2013, Earl Whitney, Reno, NV
...
It is possible that the given information will define a single triangle, two triangles, or even no
triangle
...
Here are the possibilities:
There are three cases in which
Case 1:
...
Case 2:
Produces one (right) triangle because is exactly long enough to reach the
base
...
Case 3:
Produces two triangles because is the right size to reach the base in two
places
...
There is only one case in which
Case 4:
...
Version 1
...
All Rights Reserved
10/03/2013
-17-
Trigonometry
Solving a Triangle (cont’d)
Solving the Ambiguous Case (SSA)
How do you solve the triangle in each of the cases discussed above
...
Use the following steps:
Step 1: Calculate the sine of the missing angle (in this development, angle )
...
Stop here
...
Proceed to Step 4
...
Proceed to the next step to determine which
...
If
, then we have Case 3 – two triangles
...
Then, proceed to Step 4 and calculate the remaining values for each triangle
...
Proceed to Step 4
...
03
Copyright 2012-2013, Earl Whitney, Reno, NV
...
At this point, we have the lengths of sides and , and the measures of Angles
and
...
180°
Step 4 is to calculate the measure of Angle as follows:
Step 5: Calculate
...
Note that in the case
where there are two triangles, there is an Angle in each
...
sin
⇒
sin
sin
sin
Ambiguous Case Flowchart
Start Here
1
Value of
sin
1
Is
?
yes
no
1
Two triangles
Version 1
...
Steps 4 and 5, above
Copyright 2012-2013, Earl Whitney, Reno, NV
...
Formula 1: The formula most familiar to the student can be used when the base and height of the
triangle are either known or can be determined
...
is the height of the triangle
...
The height is the measure of the altitude of
whichever side is selected as the base
...
Sometimes this formula, though
less appealing, can be very useful
...
Note: is sometimes called the semi‐perimeter of the triangle
...
Version 1
...
All Rights Reserved
10/03/2013
-20-
Trigonometry
Area of a Triangle (cont’d)
Trigonometric Formulas
The following formulas for the area of a triangle come from trigonometry
...
,
,
,
Let the three points in the coordinate plane be: ,
triangle is one half of the absolute value of the determinant below:
∙
,
...
03
∙
Copyright 2012-2013, Earl Whitney, Reno, NV
...
First, let’s
investigate the relationship between a point’s rectangular coordinates , and its polar
coordinates ,
...
Generally, this angle is expressed in radians, not degrees
...
03
Copyright 2012-2013, Earl Whitney, Reno, NV
...
If we express a complex number in rectangular coordinates as
, we can also express it in
polar coordinates as
cos
sin , with ∈ 0, 2
...
cos
y‐coordinate:
√
Angle:
Convert Polar to Rectangular
sin
, you need to be careful to select the angle in the
Operations on Complex Numbers in Polar Form
cos
Another expression that may be useful is:
as an exponential form of
...
Then,
numbers
...
Division:
cos
sin
So, to divide complex numbers, you divide their magnitudes and subtract their angles
...
Roots:
√
√ cos
sin
also, see “DeMoivre’s Theorem” below
This results directly from the power rule if the exponent is a fraction
...
03
Copyright 2012-2013, Earl Whitney, Reno, NV
...
If we let
page:
cos
sin
, DeMoivre’s Theorem gives us the power rule expressed on the prior
cos
3
Example 1: Find
sin
√7
, we have
3 and
√7
4
First, since
Then,
And,
tan
6
√7
...
542° ~ 111
...
590° in Q II
So,
3
3
√7
4,096 ∙ cos 111
...
0
sin 111
...
9
2
√5
Example 2: Find
2 and
First, since
, we have
Then,
And,
tan
5
√7
...
052° ~ 29
...
4
243
So,
3
221
...
052°
sin 29
...
0
Version 1
...
All Rights Reserved
10/03/2013
-24-
Trigonometry
DeMoivre’s Theorem for Roots
Let
cos
sin
...
Let’s call the roots: ,
roots can be calculated as follows:
2
√ ∙ cos
2
sin
, … ,
Then, these
The formula could also be restated with 2 replaced by 360° if this helps in the calculation
...
2 and
, we have
3
...
310°;
√
Fifth roots of
Angle (
0
√13 ~ 1
...
262°
√
~
5 roots
...
√ ∙
)
...
262°
1
...
2524
1
11
...
738°
0
...
1275
2
60
...
738°
0
...
9492
3
132
...
738°
1
...
5408
4
204
...
738°
0
...
2835
Notice that if we add another 72°, we get 348
...
262° because 348
...
262°
...
The “next
angle” will always be equivalent to the first angle! If it isn’t, go back and check your work
...
03
√13 ~ 1
...
Copyright 2012-2013, Earl Whitney, Reno, NV
...
The use of the sine function
indicates that the large loop will be symmetric about the ‐axis
...
Let’s create a table of values and graph the equation:
0
2
/6
3
7π/6
1
/3
3
...
268
/2
4
3π/2
0
2 /3
3
...
268
5 /6
3
11 /6
1
2
2
2
Generally, you want to look at
values of in 0, 2
...
The size of the interval
depends largely on the nature of the
function and the coefficient of
...
The portion of the graph
above the x‐axis results
from in Q1 and Q1,
where the sine function is
positive
...
Orange points on the
graph correspond to
orange values in the table
...
The four Cardioid forms:
Version 1
...
All Rights Reserved
10/03/2013
-26-
Trigonometry
Graphing Polar Equations – The Rose
Example:
This function is a rose
...
The number of petals on the rose depends on the value of
...
If is an odd integer, it will have petals
...
464
2π/3
3
...
464
5 /6
3
...
You could plot more
points, but this interval is sufficient
to establish the nature of the curve;
so you can graph the rest easily
...
The values in the table
generate the points in the
two petals right of the ‐axis
...
Blue points on the graph
correspond to blue values
in the table
...
The four Rose forms:
Version 1
...
All Rights Reserved
10/03/2013
-27-
Trigonometry
Vectors
A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction
...
Another example would be the force of 10 kg weight being
pulled toward the earth (a force you can feel if you are holding the weight)
...
Unit vectors having the direction of the positive
axes will be quite useful to us
...
Unit Vector
Direction
positive ‐axis
positive ‐axis
positive ‐axis
Graphical
representation of
unit vectors and j
in two dimensions
...
If a vector’s
, and its terminal point (ending position) is ,
, then the
initial point (starting position) is ,
vector displaces
in the ‐direction and displaces
in the ‐direction
...
The magnitude of a vector is determined as the length of the
hypotenuse of a triangle with sides and using the Pythagorean Theorem
...
Version 1
...
All Rights Reserved
10/03/2013
-28-
Trigonometry
Vector Properties
Vectors have a number of nice properties that make working with them both useful and relatively
simple
...
Then,
If
Then,
If
and
If
, then
Define to be the zero vector (i
...
, it has zero length, so that
vector is also called the null vector
...
Note: the zero
〈 , 〉
...
Properties of Vectors
Additive Inverse
Commutative Property
Associative Property
Associative Property
Distributive Property
Distributive Property
Multiplicative Identity
Magnitude Property
Unit vector in the direction of
Additive Identity
1
Also, note that:
‖
‖ ‖
‖
Version 1
...
All Rights Reserved
10/03/2013
-29-
Trigonometry
Vector Dot Product
The Dot Product of two vectors,
and
∙
, is defined as follows:
∙
∙
It is important to note that the dot product is a scalar, not a vector
...
A useful approach to calculating the dot
product of two vectors is illustrated here:
〈 ,
〉
〈
〉
,
General
alternative
vector
notation
〈 ,
〉
Example
〈4, 3〉
∙ 〈2, 2〉
∙ 〈 , 〉
Take a look at the example at right
...
The numbers in
the each column are multiplied and the results are
added to get the dot product
...
Properties of the Dot Product
Let be a scalar, and let u, v and w be vectors
...
03
0 and
and
, then and are orthogonal (perpendicular)
...
∙
‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
Copyright 2012-2013, Earl Whitney, Reno, NV
...
The formula
used to determine the projection vector is:
∙
‖ ‖
proj
v
∙
is a scalar, and that proj
Notice that
‖ ‖
In the diagram at right, v1
proj
v2
θ
is a vector
...
Orthogonal Components of a Vector
A vector, , can be expressed as the sum of two orthogonal vectors and , as shown in the above
diagram
...
It is defined using vectors, as shown below
...
be the vector from to
...
Then, we define work as:
∙
‖ ‖
cos
Both of these formulas are useful
...
Version 1
...
All Rights Reserved
10/03/2013
-31-
Trigonometry
Vector Dot Product (cont’d)
Vector Projection
The projection of a vector, , onto another vector , is obtained using the dot product
...
v1
w
...
The resulting vectors are:
proj
∙
‖ ‖
and
Work
Work is a scalar quantity in physics that measures the force exerted on an object over a particular
distance
...
Let:
F be the force vector acting on an object, moving it from point to point
...
be the angle between F and
...
Which one you use in a particular
situation depends on what
information is available
...
03
Copyright 2012-2013, Earl Whitney, Reno, NV
...
03
Subject
Ambiguous Case for Oblique Triangles
Ambiguous Case for Oblique Triangles ‐ Flowchart
Angle Addition Formulas
Area of a Triangle
Geometry Formula
Heron's Formula
Trigonometric Formulas
Coordinate Geometry Formula
Cardioid
Cofunctions
Complex Numbers ‐ Operations in Polar Form
Complex Numbers in Polar Form
Components of Vectors
Conversion between Rectangular and Polar Coordinates
Cosecant Function
Cosine Function
Cotangent Function
Definitions of Trig Functions
DeMoivre's Theorem
DeMoivre's Theorem for Roots
Dot Product
Double Angle Formulas
Graphs of Basic Trig Functions
Half Angle Formulas
Heron's Formula
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Definitions
Graphs
Primary Values
Ranges
Law of Cosines
Law of Sines
Oblique Triangle ‐ Methods to Solve
Operations on Complex Numbers in Polar Form
Orthogonal Components of a Vector
Polar Coordinates
Polar form of Complex Numbers in Polar Form
Copyright 2012-2013, Earl Whitney, Reno, NV
...
03
Subject
Polar to Rectangular Coordinate Conversion
Power Reducing Formulas
Primary Values of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Product‐to‐Sum Formulas
Projection of One Vector onto Another
Properties of Vectors
Pythagorean Identities
Rectangular to Polar Coordinate Conversion
Rose
Secant Function
Sine Function
SOH‐CAH‐TOA
Sum‐to‐Product Formulas
Tangent Function
Trig Function Values in Quadrants II, III, and IV
Trig Functions of Special Angles
Unit Circle
Unit Vectors ‐ i and j
Vectors
Special Unit Vectors ‐ i and j
Vector Components
Vector Properties
Dot Product
Vector Projection
Orthogonal Components of a Vector
Work
Copyright 2012-2013, Earl Whitney, Reno, NV
Title: Math's formula
Description: This small file will provide you an excellent quality of understanding of Trigonometric mathematical formulas. It'll provide you a precise content regarding Trigonometry.
Description: This small file will provide you an excellent quality of understanding of Trigonometric mathematical formulas. It'll provide you a precise content regarding Trigonometry.