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General Chemistry 1 1st Quarter Reviewer
Unit 1: Matter
Lesson 1
...
It may exist in various states such as solid, liquid, or
gas
...

Atoms
- are the building blocks of matter
...

Ancient Views on Matter: Greek philosophers who speculate the nature of matter
● Thales of Miletus (625–547 BC) - speculate that the basic composition of matter was
water since this material is found almost everywhere
...

● Heraclitus (535–475 BC) - opposed these ideas as he believed that matter was made up
of fire, since this element is a good representation of a “changing world
...
According to him, aside from water, air, and fire, matter was made up of
earth too
...

● Aristotle (384–322 BC) - a renowned and influential philosopher during his time,
expounded the idea of Empedocles
...
For instance, air, which is hot and wet, will be converted to fire when dried while
maintaining heat
...
Since matter is not void, this means that it is divisible and can be cut
into pieces over and over again
...
The tiny indivisible part that makes up a matter is known as atom which
came from the Greek word atomos which means indivisible
...

This also started the principle of discontinuity of matter
...

There are four main ideas in the particulate nature of matter:
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...


Discrete Particles of Matter
Matter is made up of distinct particles
...

● Atoms - the tiny indivisible part that makes up a matter
- are the building blocks of matter
...

- is neutral by nature, but when it becomes charged—either positively or negatively—it
becomes an ion
...
A negatively charged ion is called
anion while a positively charged ion is called cation
...
The
particles that make up matter have spaces in between them
...

Motion of Particles
- matter is they are in constant motion
...

- The spaces between particles also dictate the kind of movement that particles in matter can
do
...

- Temperature can affect the movement of particles in matter
...
The higher the kinetic energy of the
particles, the faster its movement
...

- As the temperature increases, particles gain kinetic energy which results in their fast
movement
...

- a water droplet is able to maintain its shape due to the attractive forces that exist
between its particles
...

The Particulate Nature of the Three States of Matter
Property Compared

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Arrangement of
Particles

compact and
arranged in an orderly
manner; very little
spaces between
particle

close together but not
arranged in an orderly
manner; moderate
spaces between
particles

far apart and
arranged randomly;
huge spaces between
particles

Intermolecular Forces

strong

moderate

very minimal

Motion of Particles

vibrating in fixed

sliding past one

moving quickly and

Energy of Particles

positions

another

randomly

low

moderate

high

📌
Remember:
Increasing the temperature of matter results in the gain in energy of its particles
...
The alteration in the arrangement of particles in matter results in phase change
...
2 Properties of Matter
All matter possesses properties or characteristics that make them unique
...

General Properties of Matter
General properties of matter - the characteristics of matter that are present in all kinds of matter
Specific property of matter - when a property is observable only in a particular kind of matter
The fundamental properties that are used to describe matter are: mass, volume, weight,
density, and specific gravity
...
This describes how much matter
comprises a material
...

- Matter is made up of discrete particles; thus, the amount of particles present in the
material also measures its mass
...

● Weight - is the measure of force that acts on an object
...
Thus, the greater the
gravitational force that acts on an object, the “heavier” it weighs
- it is expressed in newtons (N)
...

- this property of matter can be measured using instruments with graduations or by
getting the dimensions of the object and applying mathematical equations
...
Volumes of
solids are often expressed in cubic centimeters (cm³ ) or cubic meters (m³ )
...

- is often expressed in kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³) or grams per cubic
centimeter (g/cm³)
...
This is the
reason why it is also known as relative density
...

Physical Properties of Matter

Physical Properties of Matter - qualities that are readily observable or measurable without
changing the matter’s composition
...
For instance, to describe the physical
appearance of matter, one may take note of how big or small it is (size), how it feels
(texture), or how it appears (shape/form/color)
...
The
temperature at which a solid matter changes to liquid
○ As solids absorb heat energy, its temperature increases, causing its particles to
move faster and dissociate from one another
...

● Freezing Point - the temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid matter
○ Vaporization - the change from a liquid state to a gaseous state (vapor)
...

● Solubility - the ability of a solute to dissolve in a given solvent
Different terms are used to describe the solubility of a certain material
➢ Highly soluble - if it dissolves easily in a solvent
➢ Miscible - the case of fluids like liquids and gasses if they mix well together
➢ Partially soluble or partially miscible - substances that do not completely mix
➢ Insoluble or immiscible - a material that does not dissolve at all in a given solvent
● Metallic Properties - are qualities that are observed specifically in metals
...

- chemical properties of a certain material highly depend on its composition
● Biodegradability - capacity of a material to decompose through the actions of
microorganisms
- may only be observed when a material undergoes decomposition
● “flammable” and “combustible” - used to describe the ability of a material to burn
● Combustion - chemical reaction between a substance (fuel) and oxygen which results in
the generation of heat and light in the form of flame
● Combustibility - ability of a material to combust or burn
● Flammability - ability of a combustible material to catch flame easily
● Reactivity - tendency of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction
○ Noble Gases - have no to little reactivity
● Intensive properties - physical properties that do not depend on the amount of matter
● Extensive properties - physical properties that depend on the amount of matter

Lesson 1
...
- three states of matter are
solid, liquid, and gas
...
- are characteristics that a certain
material possesses which makes it unique
...
- all matter is composed of tiny
particles called atoms
○ Substances - have a fixed or definite composition
○ Mixtures - are combinations of two or more substances
Pure Substance
Pure Substance - is a kind of matter with a definite or fixed composition
...

- cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by physical or chemical means but can be
broken down into simpler forms using extensive chemical or nuclear processes
- Since elements are the simplest forms of substance, they are also considered as the
building blocks of matter
...

● Periodic Table of Elements - have 118 elements known to exist in which 94 of these occur
naturally on Earth, while the remaining 24 are synthetic
...

- the table classifies the elements into three general categories: metals, nonmetals,
and metalloids
...

- metals (except mercury) are solid at room temperature
...

- are good conductors of heat and electricity
...

- most metals exhibit malleability or a property that enables metals to
be hammered into thin sheets without breaking
- metals also possess ductility or the ability to be drawn into wires
➢ Nonmetals - are the opposite of metals
...

- some metalloids are shiny like metal but are also brittle like a nonmetal
...
This is the reason why metalloids are known as
semiconductors
...

- many are formed naturally due to geologic processes on Earth, while some compounds are
formed when an element reacts with one of the gaseous elements in the air

-

some are products of chemical reactions between two or more compounds
...

- compounds can be broken down into simpler forms by means of a chemical reaction
...

➢ Organic compounds - are substances that contain the elements carbon and
hydrogen
...
These organic compounds are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and
nucleic acids
➢ Inorganic compounds - are substances that do not have carbon-hydrogen bonds
- carbon dioxide, water, and table salt are all examples of inorganic
compounds
...

- compounds can be also categorized as Ionic compound and Covalent compound
...
When two or more
substances are put together, they form a mixture if there is no chemical reaction that took place
between them
...

- mixtures may be further classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous mixtures
...

- the components of a homogeneous mixture cannot be distinguished from
each other because the particles are so small
- are also known as solutions
...

- substances that dissolve in a given solvent are soluble
...

- may be solid, liquid, or gas
...
Some examples of aqueous solutions are wine,
alcohol, and soft drink
...

➢ Heterogeneous mixture - consists of particles that are not evenly distributed
throughout
...

heterogeneous mixtures can be classified as suspensions or colloids
...
This is the reason why colloidal particles can exhibit
Tyndall effect, a phenomenon wherein light is scattered
...

- due to the size of the particles of a suspension, they are greatly
affected by gravity, causing them to settle at the bottom of the
container
...

Homogeneous mixtures have a uniform appearance, while heterogeneous mixtures are not
uniform in terms of its appearance
...
4 Elements and Compounds
Pure substances - are kinds of matter that have a definite or fixed composition
...

- can be classified as elements or compounds
Element is the simplest form of pure substance since it is made up of only one kind of atom
...
They are found either
chemically free, such as the oxygen gas in the atmosphere, or combined with other
elements to form compounds
...

- eight elements that exist in nature but only in trace amounts since they are radioactively
unstable
...

Compound is composed of two or more different kinds of atoms that are chemically bonded
...
Whenever it is possible, the symbol is
the first letter of the common name of the element
Element

Symbol

hydrogen

H

boron

B

carbon

C

nitrogen

N

oxygen

O

fluorine

F

phosphorus

P

sulfur

S

➔ Since several elements may start with the same letter, and there are not enough single
letters to be used, other letters are added to the chemical symbol of the element
...

Element

Symbol

Element

Symbol

helium

He

cobalt

Co

lithium

Li

nickel

Ni

neon

Ne

zinc

Zn

magnesium

Mg

arsenic

As

aluminum

Al

selenium

Se

silicon

Si

bromine

Br

chlorine

Cl

krypton

Kr

argon

Ar

barium

Ba

manganese

Mn

xenon

Xe

Element

Symbol

helium

He

lithium

Li

neon

Ne

magnesium

Mg

aluminum

Al

silicon

Si

chlorine

Cl

argon

Ar

manganese

Mn

➔ The symbols of elements do not always seem to match the element’s name
...
Some elements are given Latin
names
...

Element

Symbol

Latin name

antimony

Sb

stibium

copper

Cu

cuprum

gold

Au

aurum

iron

Fe

ferrum

lead

Pb

plumbum

mercury

Hg

hydrargyrum

potassium

K

kalium

silver

Ag

argentum

sodium

Na

natrium

tin

Sn

stannum

tungsten

W

wolfram

The Periodic Table of Elements
The periodic table of elements - is a list of all known elements in a tabulated form that are
arranged in such a manner so that elements with similar properties are close together
...
The columns of elements are called groups,
while the rows are called periods
...

each box in the periodic table contains the symbol of an element, its name, its atomic
number, and its atomic mass
...

is a useful tool that can help in identifying elements that exhibit similar properties
...

- are usually hard or are able to resist deformity when subjected to a heavy blow
- exhibit tensile strength or ability to withstand heavy loads and endure stress
...

- are lustrous or shiny as light is reflected on its surface
...

- have a high melting point, which enables them to withstand heat without turning
into liquid immediately
- have a high boiling point, which prevents them from easily evaporating when
heated
...

- some nonmetals that are hard, some exist in powdered form due to their softness
- are usually dull in appearance and exhibit no luster
- are poor conductors of heat and electricity but have relatively low melting and
boiling points
...

- their most distinct property is their ability to conduct electricity but not as good as
metals
...

Compounds
Compound - is composed of two or more different kinds of atoms that are chemically bonded
...


-

-

-

some compounds are very simple and may contain two or three different elements joined
together in a simple way
...

other compounds are complex in terms of their composition
...
For
example, the compound glucose, which is a type of sugar, is made up of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen atoms
...

● Chemical Reaction - occurs when two or more atoms or molecules form new
molecules
...

These are reactions where the heat content of the reactants is greater
than the heat content of the reaction products
...

- Photosynthesis, also known as the food-making process in
plants, is an example of an endothermic reaction
...
For
instance, burning hydrogen in air produces water and heat
...
This process is known as
electrolysis
...

Organic compounds - are a class of compounds in which one or more carbon atoms are bonded
to other elements, commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen
- polymers are examples of complex carbohydrates
...
These are
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
...
These are
organic compounds that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
...

➢ Monosaccharides - are simple sugars that have single molecules
- glucose (𝐶6𝐻12𝑂6), which is one of the products in
photosynthesis, is an example of monosaccharides
...
However, its ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is much higher in
carbohydrates

-

are primarily used for energy storage, to build cellular structures, and serve
as signal molecules that play an important role in communication within
cellular levels
...

- can be categorized as triglycerides, steroids, and phospholipids
● Proteins - are more complex organic compounds compared to carbohydrates and
lipids
...

- these molecules are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
atoms
...

● Nucleic acids - are types of biological polymer which are made up of chains of
nucleotide monomers, consists of a nitrogenous base, sugar molecule, and
phosphate group
...

- The two types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
...

- these substances comprise most of Earth’s crust
...

How are chemical symbols written for compounds?
➔ Chemical symbols are used to make elements and their chemical combinations easier to
describe in written form
...

➔ A subscript is added to the chemical symbol to indicate the number of atoms of the given
element
...

Lesson 1
...

- it aims to explain how and why substances combine or separate to form other substances
...

- may contain elements or combinations of elements and compounds that enable them to
serve their purpose
What are the pure substances present in commercial products?

Medicine Products
Food supplement - is any substance that is ingested in order to make up for one’s nutrient
deficiency or to augment one’s dietary consumption
...

- it can be directly extracted from food sources such as plants or can be artificially made in
the laboratory
...

- its molecule is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
...

●
Iodine and Calcium - helps aid in metabolism and promotes healthy bone
development, respectively
Antibacterial ointment - a medicine used to prevent bacterial infection on the skin
...

Medicinal soaps - which are used to clean wounds or address skin rashes contain sulfur, which
is known to have antibacterial and antiinflammatory properties
...

● Agua oxigenada is an antiseptic solution that contains hydrogen peroxide (𝐻2𝑂2)
...

● Povidone-iodine (𝐶6𝐻9𝐼2𝑁𝑂) - serves as a skin disinfectant before and after surgery
Aspirin - also known as acetylsalicylic acid (𝐶9𝐻8𝑂4)
- is an anti-inflammatory medicine as well as an analgesic or pain reliever
...

Antacids - are medicines taken to neutralize the acid in the stomach
...

- A common antacid tablet is a combination of sodium bicarbonate (𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3) and citric
acid (𝐶6𝐻8𝑂7)
...
Aside from being an antacid, milk of magnesia is also used as a
laxative, especially by those who suffer mild constipation
...

- these products add flavor to the food being prepared
...

● Monosodium glutamate (𝐶5𝐻8𝑁𝑂4𝑁𝑎)- or commonly known as vetsin, is a
seasoning used to enhance the natural flavors of food
...

Cooking oil - is an essential fat that is used for cooking, frying, or baking
...

It has a water-soluble compound that is made from saponification or a reaction between caustic
soda (sodium hydroxide, NaOH) or caustic potash (potassium hydroxide, KOH) and animal or
vegetable oils
...

Detergents - are made from petroleum-based products and some heavy soaps that are made
from lead, zinc, or other heavy-metal compounds that are mainly used in lubricating greases
...
8𝐻2𝑂) , and sodium triphosphate
(𝑁𝑎5𝑃3𝑂10)
...

Bleach is a chemical product that is also used to remove stains in clothes
...

Maintenance Products
Lubricants are oils that are used to reduce the friction on surfaces of objects that are in contact
...

- The main compounds that are present in most paints are ethyl acetate (𝐶4𝐻8𝑂2) ,
toluene (𝐶7𝐻8), butyl acetate (𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂(𝐶𝐻2)2𝐶𝐻3), and barium sulfate (𝐵𝐴𝑆𝑂4)
...
1 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixture
As you recall from the previous unit, there are two classifications for matter based on
composition and properties—a pure substance or a mixture
...
Each
substance has its own characteristic properties that are different from the set of properties
of any other substance
...

- can be classified based on the distribution of the components
...

➢ Homogeneous Mixture - is a type of mixture that has uniform composition
and properties
...

- it has only one phase; thus, the components cannot be distinguished
from each other
...

- Fruit juice, coins and soda are some examples
➢ Heterogeneous Mixture - its components are distinguishable from one
another, with each portion having recognizably different properties
- Its not uniform throughout
- Has varying composition and properties
- It may have two or more phases, and the individual substance are
visually distinct
...

- Solvent is the one that is more abundant in solutions
...

- The solute is the component present in less amount in a solution
...

Types of Solutions
Solutions may be classified based on the physical state of the solvent—namely, solid, liquid,
and gaseous solutions
...

- It is the most common type of solution
...

Some example of Liquid Solutions
Types of Solution

Solution

Solute

Solvent

solid-liquid

saltwater

salt

water

liquid-liquid

vinegar

Acetic acid

water

gas-liquid

Carbonated drinks

Carbon dioxide

water

● Solid solutions - are solutions wherein the solvent is in the solid phase
...

Types of Solution

Solution

Solute

Solvent

solid-solid

brass

zinc

copper

liquid-solid

amalgam

mercury

silver

● Gaseous solutions - are solutions wherein the solvent is in the gaseous phase
...

- A distinct layer from the solvent will be formed when the solute settles due to gravity
...

- Particles of a suspension are larger than particles of a solution
...


Colloids

Colloid - is a heterogeneous mixture in which a microscopically dispersed substance,
insoluble or soluble particles, is suspended throughout another substance
...

- colloids usually do not separate into layers or clumps
...

- the dispersed phase particles are very light and minute enough to stay suspended in the
dispersing medium for a long time
- Colloids, like solutions, can be classified based on the physical state of the dispersing
medium
...

● Gaseous colloids - are colloids having the dispersing medium in the gaseous phase
...

➢ Solid aerosol - is formed when the dispersed phase is a solid
...
Smoke contains solid particulate
matter or very small particles that are dispersed in the air
...

- Deodorant spray is an example of a liquid aerosol, where the liquid deodorant
solution is suspended in the air when it is sprayed
...

- A solid, gas, or another liquid can act as the dispersed phase
...

- An example of liquid sol is ink
...

➢ Emulsion - liquid suspended in another liquid
...

➢ Liquid foam - a gas suspended in a liquid
...
Air is dispersed in the liquid soap medium to form
the foamy texture in shaving foam
...

- A gas,liquid, or another solid can act as the dispersed phase
...

➢ Gel - a liquid suspended in a solid
...
Liquid water molecules are dispersed in a solid
gelatin matrix
...

How can you differentiate solutions, suspensions,
and colloids?
One way to differentiate colloids from solutions and suspensions is by Tyndall effect
...

Through this test, the mixture could be easily identified as a solution, suspension, or
colloid
...
Light will have a narrow path
and is not clearly visible
...

➢ Suspension - when light does not pass through a given mixture
...

Suspensions appear opaque
...

- Colloids have an intermediate particle size
...

- only colloids exhibit the Tyndall effect
...

Lesson 2
...

- Suspension - is a heterogeneous mixture whose solutes do not completely
dissolve
- insoluble particles settle into clumps or layers when left
undisturbed
- Colloid - is a heterogeneous mixture whose solute-like particles are
dispersed in a medium
Separating Homogeneous Mixtures
Evaporation - is the phase transition of matter from liquid to vapor
...
It is often applied as a purification technique
for solid mixtures
...

Distillation - is a separation technique that is applied for homogeneous liquid-liquid mixtures
...

● distilling flask - is the laboratory glassware that is used to contain the mixture that will be
distilled
...

● Fractional distillation - is used when there is a relatively small difference in the boiling
points of the components of the solution
...
This enables the
separation of the components before any components decompose
Chromatography - another way to separate liquid-liquid mixtures
- It is a separation technique that relies on the differential partition of the components
between the two important phases in chromatography: the mobile phase and the
stationary phase
- mobile phase - is the solvent in chromatography that carries the components
throughout the stationary phase
- stationary phase - an adsorbent material that holds the solutes still when
interactions are favored
- These two phases must have opposite polarities
...

- normal-phase chromatography - the mobile phase is nonpolar, and the
stationary phase is polar
...

- column chromatography - the stationary phase is held in a column
...

- planar chromatography - the stationary phase is supported on a flat plate
...

- paper chromatography - is a setup, an example of planar chromatography
...

Separating Heterogeneous Mixtures
Manual Separation
Heterogeneous mixtures with large, visible components may be separated into its components
through manual separation techniques
...

Sieving - takes advantage of the difference in particle size of solids
...

Using a magnet - metallic components may be separated from the mixture

Filtration - is a process of separating solids from liquids by allowing the mixture to pass through a
filtering material
...

- fluted filter paper - is used in gravity filtration when the filtrate or the liquid
component is to be collected
...

immiscible - do not mix well
separatory funnel - is used to separate two liquids with different densities
...

centrifuge - it is a machine that rotates the sample
...

- In the petroleum industry, distillation is often used as a method to purify products
- Refinery - is an industrial site that is used to refine substances like oil, alcohol, and
other substances
...

- In the field of health and medicine, centrifugation is used to separate the components of
blood or urine for further laboratory testing
...
3 Differentiating Mixtures and Compounds
Compounds Versus Mixtures
● Pure substance - is any matter that has a fixed composition having its own chemical
identity and properties
...

● Mixtures - are combinations of different substances
...

- has a uniform distribution of these molecules, and atoms of different elements are
chemically combined together in a fixed whole number ratio
...

Mixture - are combinations of two or more pure substances in which each substance retains its
own composition and properties
...

- Unlike compounds, the composition of mixtures can be varied as the ratio of its constituent
pure substances is not fixed
...


Chemical and Physical Properties
Compound - has its own specific physical and chemical characteristics than its component
elements
...

Mass Ratios
Compound - mass ratio is constant, no matter the sample size of the compound
Law of definite composition - states that a given chemical compound always contains its
component elements in a fixed ratio (by mass) and does not depend on its source and method of
preparation
...

- are signaled by certain observations like change in color or temperature, the formation of
insoluble solids, and effervescence (forming of bubbles)
homogeneous mixture - is a combination of two or more substances that cannot be distinguished
from each other
...

heterogeneous mixture - is a combination of two or more substances that can be distinguished
from each other
...

solid-solid mixture - formed when solid substances are mechanically mixed together
Melting - is the application of heat to a solid, so it changes to a liquid
melting point - above a temperature (100*c)
Liquid mixtures - are prepared by mixing two different liquid components
...

Emulsions - Heterogeneous liquid mixtures form colloids
- a heterogeneous liquid-liquid mixture, is prepared by mixing two immiscible liquids
...

Dilution - is the addition of water, or other solvents, to reduce the concentration of a solution
...

Stirring - increases the speed at which a solute dissolves in a solvent
...

Crushing - or reducing the particle size of a solid solute, will also help increase the rate of
dissolving of solids in liquids
...

insoluble solids - are simply suspended in the dispersing medium in a colloid
colloids - requires solid particle sizes to be small enough to be dispersed, and stabilizing agents
to prevent separation of solids and the dispersing medium
...


homogeneous solid-liquid mixtures - may be separated by evaporation or by recrystallization
...

Heterogeneous solid-solid mixtures - can be separated by manual picking, sieving, or by using
a magnet
heterogeneous solid-liquid mixtures - can be separated by using filtration, sedimentation,
decantation, and centrifugation
...
4 Chemistry of Commercial Products: Mixtures
Mixtures for Commercial Use
Mixtures - are combinations of two or more pure substances in which each substance retains its
own composition and properties
...

- It has varying composition and properties
...

- Suspension - is a heterogeneous mixture whose solutes do not completely
dissolve
...

Colloid - is a heterogeneous mixture whose solute-like particles are
dispersed in a medium
...

- Mixtures - are combinations of different substances that are combined physically, not
chemically
...

Solvent - is the one that is more abundant in solutions
...

Solute - is the component present in less amount in a solution
...

Vinegar - is a liquid solution of acetic acid in water
...

Fish sauce, or patis - is a liquid solution made from fish or krill that have been coated in salt and
fermented for an ample amount of time
...

Soft drinks and fruit juices - are usually made up of sugars that are dissolved in water
...

- Ethanol or ethyl alcohol is an intoxicating agent
...

Beers 4
...
5 mL ethanol in 100 mL) - are brewed mainly from malted barley, hops, yeast,
and water
...
6% (11
...


Liquid medicines - like cough syrup, is an example of a liquid solution
...

Intravenous glucose solution or dextrose solution - is widely used in the medical field, it is a
form of glucose (sugar)
- dextrose solution - has a usual concentration of 5% to 10% in water (5 g or 10 g in
100 mL water)
- is injected into the vein in the body through an IV to replace lost fluids and provide
carbohydrates to the body of the patient
...

Colloid - is a heterogeneous mixture in which a microscopically dispersed substance, insoluble or
soluble particles, is suspended throughout another substance
...

Tyndall effect - one way to differentiate colloids from solutions and suspensions is by the Tyndall
effect
- random movement of particles causes the scattering of light
Ketchup and mustard - can be categorized as suspensions
...

mayonnaise - is a colloid
- a mixture of vegetable oil and vinegar, which is an aqueous solution of acetic acid as
described previously
...

Gaseous colloids - are colloids having the dispersing medium in the gaseous phase
...

solid aerosol - is formed when the dispersed phase is a solid
...

Liquid colloids - are colloids having the dispersing medium in the liquid phase
...

solid foam - gas dispersed in a solid
Gel - a liquid suspended in a solid
solid sol - a solid suspended in another solid
Applications of Separation Methods in Commercial Products
- In the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, separation techniques are used to purify
chemicals to acceptable standards
...

- Many industrial processes require clean water
...

- In the field of health and medicine, centrifugation is used to separate the components of
blood or urine for further laboratory testing

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