Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

General Chemistry 1 1st Quarter Reviewer
Unit 1: Matter
Lesson 1
...
It may exist in various states such as solid, liquid, or
gas
...

Atoms
- are the building blocks of matter
...

Ancient Views on Matter: Greek philosophers who speculate the nature of matter
● Thales of Miletus (625–547 BC) - speculate that the basic composition of matter was
water since this material is found almost everywhere
...

● Heraclitus (535–475 BC) - opposed these ideas as he believed that matter was made up
of fire, since this element is a good representation of a “changing world
...
According to him, aside from water, air, and fire, matter was made up of
earth too
...

● Aristotle (384–322 BC) - a renowned and influential philosopher during his time,
expounded the idea of Empedocles
...
For instance, air, which is hot and wet, will be converted to fire when dried while
maintaining heat
...
Since matter is not void, this means that it is divisible and can be cut
into pieces over and over again
...
The tiny indivisible part that makes up a matter is known as atom which
came from the Greek word atomos which means indivisible
...

This also started the principle of discontinuity of matter
...

There are four main ideas in the particulate nature of matter:
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...


Discrete Particles of Matter
Matter is made up of distinct particles
...

● Atoms - the tiny indivisible part that makes up a matter
- are the building blocks of matter
...

- is neutral by nature, but when it becomes charged—either positively or negatively—it
becomes an ion
...
A negatively charged ion is called
anion while a positively charged ion is called cation
...
The
particles that make up matter have spaces in between them
...

Motion of Particles
- matter is they are in constant motion
...

- The spaces between particles also dictate the kind of movement that particles in matter can
do
...

- Temperature can affect the movement of particles in matter
...
The higher the kinetic energy of the
particles, the faster its movement
...

- As the temperature increases, particles gain kinetic energy which results in their fast
movement
...

- a water droplet is able to maintain its shape due to the attractive forces that exist
between its particles
...

The Particulate Nature of the Three States of Matter
Property Compared

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Arrangement of
Particles

compact and
arranged in an orderly
manner; very little
spaces between
particle

close together but not
arranged in an orderly
manner; moderate
spaces between
particles

far apart and
arranged randomly;
huge spaces between
particles

Intermolecular Forces

strong

moderate

very minimal

Motion of Particles

vibrating in fixed

sliding past one

moving quickly and

Energy of Particles

positions

another

randomly

low

moderate

high

📌
Remember:
Increasing the temperature of matter results in the gain in energy of its particles
...
The alteration in the arrangement of particles in matter results in phase change
...
2 Properties of Matter
All matter possesses properties or characteristics that make them unique
...

General Properties of Matter
General properties of matter - the characteristics of matter that are present in all kinds of matter
Specific property of matter - when a property is observable only in a particular kind of matter
The fundamental properties that are used to describe matter are: mass, volume, weight,
density, and specific gravity
...
This describes how much matter
comprises a material
...

- Matter is made up of discrete particles; thus, the amount of particles present in the
material also measures its mass
...

● Weight - is the measure of force that acts on an object
...
Thus, the greater the
gravitational force that acts on an object, the “heavier” it weighs
- it is expressed in newtons (N)
...

- this property of matter can be measured using instruments with graduations or by
getting the dimensions of the object and applying mathematical equations
...
Volumes of
solids are often expressed in cubic centimeters (cm³ ) or cubic meters (m³ )
...

- is often expressed in kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³) or grams per cubic
centimeter (g/cm³)
...
This is the
reason why it is also known as relative density
...

Physical Properties of Matter

Physical Properties of Matter - qualities that are readily observable or measurable without
changing the matter’s composition
...
For instance, to describe the physical
appearance of matter, one may take note of how big or small it is (size), how it feels
(texture), or how it appears (shape/form/color)
...
The
temperature at which a solid matter changes to liquid
○ As solids absorb heat energy, its temperature increases, causing its particles to
move faster and dissociate from one another
...

● Freezing Point - the temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid matter
○ Vaporization - the change from a liquid state to a gaseous state (vapor)
...

● Solubility - the ability of a solute to dissolve in a given solvent
Different terms are used to describe the solubility of a certain material
➢ Highly soluble - if it dissolves easily in a solvent
➢ Miscible - the case of fluids like liquids and gasses if they mix well together
➢ Partially soluble or partially miscible - substances that do not completely mix
➢ Insoluble or immiscible - a material that does not dissolve at all in a given solvent
● Metallic Properties - are qualities that are observed specifically in metals
...

- chemical properties of a certain material highly depend on its composition
● Biodegradability - capacity of a material to decompose through the actions of
microorganisms
- may only be observed when a material undergoes decomposition
● “flammable” and “combustible” - used to describe the ability of a material to burn
● Combustion - chemical reaction between a substance (fuel) and oxygen which results in
the generation of heat and light in the form of flame
● Combustibility - ability of a material to combust or burn
● Flammability - ability of a combustible material to catch flame easily
● Reactivity - tendency of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction
○ Noble Gases - have no to little reactivity
● Intensive properties - physical properties that do not depend on the amount of matter
● Extensive properties - physical properties that depend on the amount of matter

Lesson 1
...
- three states of matter are
solid, liquid, and gas
...
- are characteristics that a certain
material possesses which makes it unique
...
- all matter is composed of tiny
particles called atoms
○ Substances - have a fixed or definite composition
○ Mixtures - are combinations of two or more substances
Pure Substance
Pure Substance - is a kind of matter with a definite or fixed composition
...

❖ Solution - is composed of a solute and a solvent
- the solute is the substance that is dissolved by another
substance, while the solvent is the dissolving medium in which
the solute dissolves
...

- liquids that are soluble in each other at all proportions are
miscible
...

- solutions in which the solvent is water is known as aqueous
solutions
...

- Alloys or mixtures of metals with other metals or nonmetals
...


-

the components of a heterogeneous mixture can be distinguished from each
other
...

➢ Colloids - are heterogeneous mixtures with particles that are bigger
than those of a solution but smaller than those of a suspension
- their particles do not settle even after being left to stand for a
long time
...

➢ Suspensions - are heterogeneous mixtures with suspended particles
that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye
...

- for instance, a can of pineapple juice needs to be shaken well
before drinking so that its pulp will mix well with the juice before
drinking

Remember
📌
To easily distinguish the types of mixtures, always refer to the uniformity of its appearance
...


Lesson 1
...
This means that
it is either made up of only one kind of atom or group of atoms (or molecules) that are chemically
combined
...

- any substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical
processes
- Example: Copper, Iron, Nickel
- ninety elements are found in nature in significant amounts
...
For example, hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms form bonds
to make up water
...

- there are 18 heavier elements (also radioactively unstable) that were produced through
nuclear physics experiments
...

Mixtures - compounds that are physically combined produce another kind of matter

How are chemical symbols written for elements?

Chemical Symbol for Elements
➔ Each element has a symbol that is used by chemists around the world as a kind of
shorthand
➔ Symbols for elements may have one letter or two
...
In such
cases, the symbol is the first letter of the element’s name, which is capitalized, followed by
one other letter in the name
...
This is
because the symbols come from a different language
...
Thus, the letter or combinations of letters used in writing chemical symbols for
these elements are obtained from their Latin names
...


-

-

the periodic table gets its name from the fact that the properties repeat themselves
periodically every few elements so that chemists can tell what the properties of an element
are likely to be based on their positions in the periodic table
elements are arranged in rows and columns
...

elements with similar properties are arranged in the same group
...

shows the division of elements to metals, metalloids, and nonmetals
...


How are elements Classified?
Elements can be categorized into three main groups: metals, nonmetals, and metalloids
● Metals - except mercury are solid at room temperature
...
This is
the reason why metals are combined with other metals to produce raw materials for
building infrastructures
...

- are also ductile as they can easily be drawn into wires and are malleable or can be
easily hammered into thin sheets
- are also good conductors, which means that heat and electricity can pass through
them easily
...

● Nonmetals - except for bromine, are either solid or gas at room temperature
- are usually brittle or easily break when subjected to a strong force
...

● Metalloids or semimetals - elements exhibit properties of both metals and nonmetals
...
This is the reason why metalloids are known as semiconductors
➢ A semiconductor is a material that can conduct some electricity better than
an insulator, but now as much or as well as how metals conduct electricity
...

- has a definite composition wherein its constituent elements always occur in the same
proportion
...
For example, common table salt has a chemical name sodium
chloride due to its composition of sodium and chlorine elements
...
Complex compounds may
contain several different elements that are joined together in different amounts
...

the processes that create compounds are called chemical reactions
...

- may contain elements or combinations of elements and compounds that enable them to
serve their purpose
What are the pure substances present in commercial products?

Medicine Products
Food supplement - is any substance that is ingested in order to make up for one’s nutrient
deficiency or to augment one’s dietary consumption
...

- it can be directly extracted from food sources such as plants or can be artificially made in
the laboratory
...

- its molecule is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
...

●
Iodine and Calcium - helps aid in metabolism and promotes healthy bone
development, respectively
Antibacterial ointment - a medicine used to prevent bacterial infection on the skin
...

Medicinal soaps - which are used to clean wounds or address skin rashes contain sulfur, which
is known to have antibacterial and antiinflammatory properties
...

● Agua oxigenada is an antiseptic solution that contains hydrogen peroxide (𝐻2𝑂2)
...

● Povidone-iodine (𝐶6𝐻9𝐼2𝑁𝑂) - serves as a skin disinfectant before and after surgery
Aspirin - also known as acetylsalicylic acid (𝐶9𝐻8𝑂4)
- is an anti-inflammatory medicine as well as an analgesic or pain reliever
...

Antacids - are medicines taken to neutralize the acid in the stomach
...

- A common antacid tablet is a combination of sodium bicarbonate (𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3) and citric
acid (𝐶6𝐻8𝑂7)
...
Aside from being an antacid, milk of magnesia is also used as a
laxative, especially by those who suffer mild constipation
...

- these products add flavor to the food being prepared
...

● Monosodium glutamate (𝐶5𝐻8𝑁𝑂4𝑁𝑎)- or commonly known as vetsin, is a
seasoning used to enhance the natural flavors of food
...

Cooking oil - is an essential fat that is used for cooking, frying, or baking
...

It has a water-soluble compound that is made from saponification or a reaction between caustic
soda (sodium hydroxide, NaOH) or caustic potash (potassium hydroxide, KOH) and animal or
vegetable oils
...

Detergents - are made from petroleum-based products and some heavy soaps that are made
from lead, zinc, or other heavy-metal compounds that are mainly used in lubricating greases
...
8𝐻2𝑂) , and sodium triphosphate
(𝑁

---