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General Chemistry 1 1st Quarter Reviewer
Unit 1: Matter
Lesson 1
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It may exist in various states such as solid, liquid, or
gas
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Atoms
- are the building blocks of matter
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Ancient Views on Matter: Greek philosophers who speculate the nature of matter
● Thales of Miletus (625–547 BC) - speculate that the basic composition of matter was
water since this material is found almost everywhere
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● Heraclitus (535–475 BC) - opposed these ideas as he believed that matter was made up
of fire, since this element is a good representation of a “changing world
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According to him, aside from water, air, and fire, matter was made up of
earth too
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● Aristotle (384–322 BC) - a renowned and influential philosopher during his time,
expounded the idea of Empedocles
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For instance, air, which is hot and wet, will be converted to fire when dried while
maintaining heat
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Since matter is not void, this means that it is divisible and can be cut
into pieces over and over again
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The tiny indivisible part that makes up a matter is known as atom which
came from the Greek word atomos which means indivisible
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This also started the principle of discontinuity of matter
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There are four main ideas in the particulate nature of matter:
1
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2
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3
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4
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Discrete Particles of Matter
Matter is made up of distinct particles
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● Atoms - the tiny indivisible part that makes up a matter
- are the building blocks of matter
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- is neutral by nature, but when it becomes charged—either positively or negatively—it
becomes an ion
...
A negatively charged ion is called
anion while a positively charged ion is called cation
...
The
particles that make up matter have spaces in between them
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Motion of Particles
- matter is they are in constant motion
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- The spaces between particles also dictate the kind of movement that particles in matter can
do
...

- Temperature can affect the movement of particles in matter
...
The higher the kinetic energy of the
particles, the faster its movement
...

- As the temperature increases, particles gain kinetic energy which results in their fast
movement
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- a water droplet is able to maintain its shape due to the attractive forces that exist
between its particles
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The Particulate Nature of the Three States of Matter
Property Compared

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Arrangement of
Particles

compact and
arranged in an orderly
manner; very little
spaces between
particle

close together but not
arranged in an orderly
manner; moderate
spaces between
particles

far apart and
arranged randomly;
huge spaces between
particles

Intermolecular Forces

strong

moderate

very minimal

Motion of Particles

vibrating in fixed

sliding past one

moving quickly and

Energy of Particles

positions

another

randomly

low

moderate

high

📌
Remember:
Increasing the temperature of matter results in the gain in energy of its particles
...
The alteration in the arrangement of particles in matter results in phase change
...
2 Properties of Matter
All matter possesses properties or characteristics that make them unique
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General Properties of Matter
General properties of matter - the characteristics of matter that are present in all kinds of matter
Specific property of matter - when a property is observable only in a particular kind of matter
The fundamental properties that are used to describe matter are: mass, volume, weight,
density, and specific gravity
...
This describes how much matter
comprises a material
...

- Matter is made up of discrete particles; thus, the amount of particles present in the
material also measures its mass
...

● Weight - is the measure of force that acts on an object
...
Thus, the greater the
gravitational force that acts on an object, the “heavier” it weighs
- it is expressed in newtons (N)
...

- this property of matter can be measured using instruments with graduations or by
getting the dimensions of the object and applying mathematical equations
...
Volumes of
solids are often expressed in cubic centimeters (cm³ ) or cubic meters (m³ )
...

- is often expressed in kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³) or grams per cubic
centimeter (g/cm³)
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This is the
reason why it is also known as relative density
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Physical Properties of Matter

Physical Properties of Matter - qualities that are readily observable or measurable without
changing the matter’s composition
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For instance, to describe the physical
appearance of matter, one may take note of how big or small it is (size), how it feels
(texture), or how it appears (shape/form/color)
...
The
temperature at which a solid matter changes to liquid
○ As solids absorb heat energy, its temperature increases, causing its particles to
move faster and dissociate from one another
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● Freezing Point - the temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid matter
○ Vaporization - the change from a liquid state to a gaseous state (vapor)
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● Solubility - the ability of a solute to dissolve in a given solvent
Different terms are used to describe the solubility of a certain material
➢ Highly soluble - if it dissolves easily in a solvent
➢ Miscible - the case of fluids like liquids and gasses if they mix well together
➢ Partially soluble or partially miscible - substances that do not completely mix
➢ Insoluble or immiscible - a material that does not dissolve at all in a given solvent
● Metallic Properties - are qualities that are observed specifically in metals
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- chemical properties of a certain material highly depend on its composition
● Biodegradability - capacity of a material to decompose through the actions of
microorganisms
- may only be observed when a material undergoes decomposition
● “flammable” and “combustible” - used to describe the ability of a material to burn
● Combustion - chemical reaction between a substance (fuel) and oxygen which results in
the generation of heat and light in the form of flame
● Combustibility - ability of a material to combust or burn
● Flammability - ability of a combustible material to catch flame easily
● Reactivity - tendency of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction
○ Noble Gases - have no to little reactivity
● Intensive properties - physical properties that do not depend on the amount of matter
● Extensive properties - physical properties that depend on the amount of matter

Lesson 1
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- three states of matter are
solid, liquid, and gas
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- are characteristics that a certain
material possesses which makes it unique
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- all matter is composed of tiny
particles called atoms
○ Substances - have a fixed or definite composition
○ Mixtures - are combinations of two or more substances
Pure Substance
Pure Substance - is a kind of matter with a definite or fixed composition
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- cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by physical or chemical means but can be
broken down into simpler forms using extensive chemical or nuclear processes
- Since elements are the simplest forms of substance, they are also considered as the
building blocks of matter
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● Periodic Table of Elements - have 118 elements known to exist in which 94 of these occur
naturally on Earth, while the remaining 24 are synthetic
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- the table classifies the elements into three general categories: metals, nonmetals,
and metalloids
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- metals (except mercury) are solid at room temperature
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- are good conductors of heat and electricity
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- most metals exhibit malleability or a property that enables metals to
be hammered into thin sheets without breaking
- metals also possess ductility or the ability to be drawn into wires
➢ Nonmetals - are the opposite of metals
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- some metalloids are shiny like metal but are also brittle like a nonmetal
...
This is the reason why metalloids are known as
semiconductors
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- many are formed naturally due to geologic processes on Earth, while some compounds are
formed when an element reacts with one of the gaseous elements in the air

-

some are products of chemical reactions between two or more compounds
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- compounds can be broken down into simpler forms by means of a chemical reaction
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➢ Organic compounds - are substances that contain the elements carbon and
hydrogen
...
These organic compounds are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and
nucleic acids
➢ Inorganic compounds - are substances that do not have carbon-hydrogen bonds
- carbon dioxide, water, and table salt are all examples of inorganic
compounds
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- compounds can be also categorized as Ionic compound and Covalent compound
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When two or more
substances are put together, they form a mixture if there is no chemical reaction that took place
between them
...

- mixtures may be further classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous mixtures
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- the components of a homogeneous mixture cannot be distinguished from
each other because the particles are so small
- are also known as solutions
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- substances that dissolve in a given solvent are soluble
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- may be solid, liquid, or gas
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Some examples of aqueous solutions are wine,
alcohol, and soft drink
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➢ Heterogeneous mixture - consists of particles that are not evenly distributed
throughout
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heterogeneous mixtures can be classified as suspensions or colloids
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This is the reason why colloidal particles can exhibit
Tyndall effect, a phenomenon wherein light is scattered
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- due to the size of the particles of a suspension, they are greatly
affected by gravity, causing them to settle at the bottom of the
container
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Homogeneous mixtures have a uniform appearance, while heterogeneous mixtures are not
uniform in terms of its appearance
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4 Elements and Compounds
Pure substances - are kinds of matter that have a definite or fixed composition
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- can be classified as elements or compounds
Element is the simplest form of pure substance since it is made up of only one kind of atom
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They are found either
chemically free, such as the oxygen gas in the atmosphere, or combined with other
elements to form compounds
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- eight elements that exist in nature but only in trace amounts since they are radioactively
unstable
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Compound is composed of two or more different kinds of atoms that are chemically bonded
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Whenever it is possible, the symbol is
the first letter of the common name of the element
Element

Symbol

hydrogen

H

boron

B

carbon

C

nitrogen

N

oxygen

O

fluorine

F

phosphorus

P

sulfur

S

➔ Since several elements may start with the same letter, and there are not enough single
letters to be used, other letters are added to the chemical symbol of the element
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Element

Symbol

Element

Symbol

helium

He

cobalt

Co

lithium

Li

nickel

Ni

neon

Ne

zinc

Zn

magnesium

Mg

arsenic

As

aluminum

Al

selenium

Se

silicon

Si

bromine

Br

chlorine

Cl

krypton

Kr

argon

Ar

barium

Ba

manganese

Mn

xenon

Xe

Element

Symbol

helium

He

lithium

Li

neon

Ne

magnesium

Mg

aluminum

Al

silicon

Si

chlorine

Cl

argon

Ar

manganese

Mn

➔ The symbols of elements do not always seem to match the element’s name
...
Some elements are given Latin
names
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Element

Symbol

Latin name

antimony

Sb

stibium

copper

Cu

cuprum

gold

Au

aurum

iron

Fe

ferrum

lead

Pb

plumbum

mercury

Hg

hydrargyrum

potassium

K

kalium

silver

Ag

argentum

sodium

Na

natrium

tin

Sn

stannum

tungsten

W

wolfram

The Periodic Table of Elements
The periodic table of elements - is a list of all known elements in a tabulated form that are
arranged in such a manner so that elements with similar properties are close together
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The columns of elements are called groups,
while the rows are called periods
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each box in the periodic table contains the symbol of an element, its name, its atomic
number, and its atomic mass
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is a useful tool that can help in identifying elements that exhibit similar properties
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- are usually hard or are able to resist deformity when subjected to a heavy blow
- exhibit tensile strength or ability to withstand heavy loads and endure stress
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- are lustrous or shiny as light is reflected on its surface
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- have a high melting point, which enables them to withstand heat without turning
into liquid immediately
- have a high boiling point, which prevents them from easily evaporating when
heated
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- some nonmetals that are hard, some exist in powdered form due to their softness
- are usually dull in appearance and exhibit no luster
- are poor conductors of heat and electricity but have relatively low melting and
boiling points
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- their most distinct property is their ability to conduct electricity but not as good as
metals
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Compounds
Compound - is composed of two or more different kinds of atoms that are chemically bonded
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-

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some compounds are very simple and may contain two or three different elements joined
together in a simple way
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other compounds are complex in terms of their composition
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For
example, the compound glucose, which is a type of sugar, is made up of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen atoms

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