Search for notes by fellow students, in your own course and all over the country.
Browse our notes for titles which look like what you need, you can preview any of the notes via a sample of the contents. After you're happy these are the notes you're after simply pop them into your shopping cart.
Title: Biomolecules
Description: Bio molecule notes, uses of nutrients and test for these nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins and water
Description: Bio molecule notes, uses of nutrients and test for these nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins and water
Document Preview
Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above
Biomolecules Notes
Nutrition is the provision, to
cells and organisms
, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to
support
life
...
A nutrient is a
chemical
that an
organism
needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's
metabolism which must be taken in from its environment
...
Methods for nutrient intake vary,
with animals and
protists
consuming foods that are digested by an internal digestive system, but
most
plants
ingest nutrients directly from the
soil through their
roots or from the
atmosphere
...
Food
substances contain a store of energy called chemical energy
...
To carry these out,
organisms must make new protoplasm from certain nutrients
...
E
...
Vitamin C prevents gum bleeding and calcium strengthens bones and teeth
...
The difference
in the arrangement of the atoms within the molecule gives them different chemical and biological
properties
...
They must be broken down into
simple glucose units before they can be made use of
...
In general, the
monosaccharides and disaccharides, which are smaller (lower olecular weight
m
) carbohydrates, are
commonly referred to as
sugars
...
through cell membranes
...
g
...
Disaccharides are double sugars as each molecule is made up
of 2 single sugars
...
g
...
These have the chemical formula of C
H O
...
2 monosaccharides are combined through
condensation reaction, a chemical reaction in which two simple molecules are joined together to form a
large molecule with the removal of one molecule of water (H
O)
...
These sugars (except sucrose) are known as
reducing sugars which produce a brickred precipitate when boiled with Benedict’s solution
...
g
...
The glucose molecules are linked in different ways, giving form to different structures
...
g
...
When needed, it
potato tubers and
can be digested to
tapioca
...
Cellulose
Many glucose
Cellulose cell wall
Present in cell walls of
molecules joined
protects plant cells
plants
...
Bonds are
from bursting of
different from starch
...
Cellulose
cannot be digested in
our intestines and
serve as dietary fibre
...
joined together
...
Glycogen stores glucose mainly in the liver and muscles and starch stores glucose in plants
...
They are large molecules
which cannot diffuse through cell membranes and will not be lost from the cell
...
Starch that we consume might be hydrolysed in our alimentary canal and the bonds
are broken down and glucose is released
...
Maltose is hydrolysed to glucose by maltase
...
Sucrose is
hydrolysed by sucrase
...
●
Forms supporting structures E
...
cell walls
...
g
...
●
Formation of nucleic acids E
...
DNA
...
g
...
●
Synthesis of nectar Nectar attracts insects to plants
...
The elements present are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in C O
H
...
Fats are an
efficient source and storage of energy
...
Fats are also an insulating material, especially beneath the skin, to prevent excessive heat
loss
...
Fats can be broken down into simpler substances by hydrolysis
to form fatty acids and glycerol
...
Lipase is required to break
down fats
...
Herring and salmon also have high fat content
...
It is solid at room temperature
...
It
is a liquid at room temperature
...
Unsaturated fats reduce cholesterol levels in the
blood and it should replace animal fats in the diet as often as possible
...
Functions of fats
●
Source and storage of energy (1kg of fat provides 32 kJ of energy)
●
Insulating material to prevent heat loss Thick layer of fat (blubber) helps to reduce loss of body
heat, through trapping a layer of air
...
g
...
●
Essential part of formation of protoplasm, especially in cell membranes
...
Proteins are organic molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
...
As a fuel, proteins contain 4
kcal per
gram, just like
carbohydrates
and unlike
lipids, which contain 9 kcal per gram
...
They are essential
for growth and repair of wornout body cells and also to synthesize enzymes and some hormones and to
form antibodies
...
R can be sulfur, acidic groups, amino groups or
2
hydroxyl groups
...
Amino acids are combined variously
to form millions of different protein molecules
...
Amino acids link to form polypeptides, which may be linked up to form an even longer chain of
amino acids
...
Out of 20 amino acids, 8 are essential and must be obtained by
food and not from the body
...
Proteins are too large to pass through cell membranes and thus, must be broken down
during digestion by enzymes
...
The proteins are first
hydrolysed into short polypeptides, which are in turn hydrolysed into amino acids
...
Protein deficiency may result in
kwashiorkor, which results in swollen stomachs and cracked and scaly skin
...
●
Synthesis of enzymes and some hormones
●
Formation of antibodies to combat diseases
...
Water makes up about 70%
of the body weight of a mammal
...
Water is a major constituent of
digestive juices and a solvent for both salts and many organic compounds in the body
...
Water is lost from the body in exhaled air, in the urine, the faeces and sweating
...
The amount of water needed depends on how
active a person is, how healthy a person is and the environmental conditions
...
●
Key component of tissues Water is the key component in cells, tissue fluid, digestive juices and
blood
...
When water in sweat evaporates
from the skin, latent heat is removed and the body cools down
...
g
...
Food tests are used to show the presence of certain nutrients e
...
starch, reducing sugars, fats/lipids
and proteins
...
Food can be obtained as solid or liquid sample
...
Test for Starch
1
...
2
...
If solution is blueblack, starch is present
...
To 2 cm3
of solution, add 2 cm3
of Benedict’s solution
...
Shake to mix
...
Heat in a boiling water bath
...
If solution remains blue, reducing sugars are absent
...
If yellow precipitate is formed, a moderate amount of
reducing sugars are present
...
Benedict’s solution appears blue as it contains copper (II) ions (Cu2+
)
...
Reducing sugars include glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose but not sucrose
...
To 1 cm3
of solution, add 2 cm3
of ethanol
...
Shake
...
Add 2 cm3
of water
...
If mixture remains clear, fats/lipids are absent
...
For solid sample, after cutting it up, add 2 cm3
of ethanol instead of water and shake thoroughly
...
Test for Proteins
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
If the solution turns violet, proteins are present
Title: Biomolecules
Description: Bio molecule notes, uses of nutrients and test for these nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins and water
Description: Bio molecule notes, uses of nutrients and test for these nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins and water