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Title: Metabolism
Description: In depth about metabolism and its purpose and history. Definitions of energy and it's different forms. It also includes information on the laws of thermodynamics. Definitions on enzymes and its purpose. Also feedback in the metabolism.

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Section 1 
➢ Metabolism (from the Greek: metabole, change) is an emergent property of life that crises 
from interactions between molecules within the orderly environment of the cell
...
 
➢ Anabolic pathway, in contrast, consume energy to build complicated molecules from 
simpler ones; biosynthetic pathways
...
 Energy that is not kinetic is 
called potential energy, it is energy that matter possesses because of its location or 
structure
...
 
➢ Thermodynamics­ the study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of 
matter 
○ Closed systems  
○ Open systems 
➢ First law of thermodynamic ­ energy can be transferred and transformed, but it can not be 
created nor destroyed 
➢ Second law of thermodynamic­ every energy transfer or transformation increase the 
disorder (entropy) of the universe
...
 


G = 

H ­ T 





G: Free energy 



H: Symbolizes the change in the system’s enthalpy  


S: Is the change in the system’s entropy 
■ T: Is the absolute temperature in Kelvin (K)
...
 
 
Section 3 
➢ Cell’s three main kinds of work 
○ Mechanical work 
○ Transport work 
○ Chemical work 
➢ A key feature in the way cell manage their energy resources to do this work is energy 
coupling, the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one
...
 
➢ The key to coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions is the formation of this 
phosphorylated intermediate, which is more reactive than the original unphosphorylated 
molecule
...
 
➢ An enzyme is a catalytic protein 
➢ The initial investment of energy for starting a reaction the energy required to contort the 
reactant molecules so the bonds ca change ­is known as the free energy of activation 
energy 
○ AB + CD ­­­­> AC + BD 
➢ This induced fit is like a clasping handshake 
➢ Many enzymes require non proteins calipers for catalytic activity 
○ These adjunct, called cofactors, may be bound tightly to the enzyme as permanent 
residents or the may bind loosely and reversible along with substrate 
➢ Only a restricted region of the enzyme molecule actually binds to the substrate
...
 
➢ If the cofactor is an organic molecule it is more specifically called a coenzyme
...
 
➢ Competitive inhibitors, reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from 
entering active sites
...
 
➢ Cooperativity, this mechanism amplifies the response of enzymes to substrates 
➢ In feedback inhibitions­ a metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of 
its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathways
Title: Metabolism
Description: In depth about metabolism and its purpose and history. Definitions of energy and it's different forms. It also includes information on the laws of thermodynamics. Definitions on enzymes and its purpose. Also feedback in the metabolism.