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Title: Human Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 4- Integumentary System
Description: These notes cover the entire human integumentary system in great detail. The topics include but may not be limited to: Structure and Function of the Integumentary System Layers of the Epidermis Different Types of Epidermis Regions of the Dermis Epidermal Accessory Organs Integumentary System Disorders Integumentary System Glands Burns Skin Cancer The notes include highlights and symbols to bring attention to specific important points. This chapter specifically is written in great detail with many prioritization symbols. They will prove to be very beneficial when studying. These notes were taken for a high school honor's course of Anatomy and Physiology. However, they contain many advanced college level topics. These notes are aimed for any student taking Anatomy and Physiology in high school/college or for those who are curious as to how the body works and are laid out simply so that anyone can understand them.

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Chapter 4­ Integumentary System
+ ​
Structure 
● Largest organ 
● Protects internal body structures 
● 7%­8% of body weight 
2
● Covers 1
...
9 m​
 
● Thickness: 1
...
 ​
Epidermis​
­ stratified squamous epithelium 
▪ 2
...
 ​
Protection 
o Physical barrier from injury, trauma, bumps, scrapes, harmful 
chemicals, toxins, microbes, excessive heat or cold 
o Can also absorb chemicals and drugs 
▪ Selectively permeable 
o Solar radiation, especially UV 
● 2
...
 ​
Temperature Regulation 
o Body too warm​

▪ Blood vessels dilate 
▪ Sweat glands release fluid on skin surface 
o Body too cold​
:  
▪ Blood vessels constrict  
▪ Blood shunted to deeper body tissues 
● 4
...
 ​
Immune Defense 
o Epidermis contain small population of immune cells­ 
epidermal dendritic cells, or ​
Langerhans cells 
▪ Phagocytize pathogens as well as epidermal cancer cells 
● 6
...
 ​
Excretion by means of Secretion 
o Skin is excretory in function when it eliminates waste 
products via secretion of sweat 
▪ Sweat consists of water, salts, and urea 
(​
nitrogen­containing waste product​

o Sebaceous glands in skin secrete oils (​
sebum​
) to lubricate 
skin and hair 
 
 

 

 + ​
Epidermis 
● Cells= keratinocytes (produces keratin) 
● Strata (layers): ​
deep to superficial  
o Stratum basale ​
(Baby)​
         ​
                       ​
Living Layer 
o Stratum spinosum ​
(Seals)​
                           ​
Living Layer 
o Stratum granulosum ​
(Growl) ​
                      ​
Living Layer 
o Stratum lucidum ​
(Like)​
                                ​
Dead Layer 
o Stratum corneum ​
(Cats)​
                              ​
Dead Layer 
● Stratum Basale 
o Deepest epidermal layer 
o AKA ​
stratum germinativum​ basal layer  
 or ​
o Cuboidal to low columnar cells  
o Consists of 3 cell types​

▪ 1
...
 ​elanocytes 
M
▫ Have long cytoplasmic processes, scattered 
among keratinocytes 
▫ Processes transfer pigment granules 
(​elanosomes​
m
) into keratinocytes 
● “­some” means body 
▫ Pigment accumulates around nucleus of 
keratinocytes, shielding DNA from UV 
▫ Darker tones of skin result from: 
● Production of melanin by melanocytes 
● Darkening of melanin already present upon 
exposure to UV 
▪ 3
...
 Thin Skin 
● Thick Skin​

o Palms of hands, soles of feet 
o Same surfaces of fingers, toes 
o Consists of all 5 epidermal strata 
o 400­600 um (micrometers) 
o Has sweat glands, but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands 
● Thin Skin​

o Covers most of the body 
o Lacks stratum lucidum (only 4 layers) 
o Contains: 
▪ Hair follicles  
▪ Sebaceous glands 
▪ Sweat glands 
o 75­ 150 um thick  
­Skin Color 
● Normal skin color due to​

o Hemoglobin 
o Melanin 
o Carotene 
● Hemoglobin 
o O​
 binding protein in RBC 
2​
o Exhibits bright red color when bound to O​

● Melanin 
o Pigment produced/ stored in melanocytes 
o Made from amino acid tyrosine; requires enzyme tyrosinase 
▪ All enzymes end with “­ase” 
o 2 types​

▪ 1
...
 ​
Pheomelanin​
: yellow, reddish 
o Transferred to keratinocytes by melanocytes via phagocytosis 
(eat) or exocytosis (excrete) 
o Everyone= same number of melanocytes 
o Variation of skin color due to​

▪ 1
...
 ​elanin color produced 
M
o Darker skin= more melanin production 
o Amount of melanin produced is determined by: 
▪ Heredity  
▪ Light exposure 
▫ UV light darkens melanin already present and 
stimulates melanocytes to make more melanin 
● Carotene 
o Yellow­orange pigment obtained by eating: 

▪ Yellow­orange vegetables (carrots, corn, peppers) 
o Accumulates in: 
▪ Keratinocytes of stratum corneum 
▪ Subcutaneous fat 
o Converted into Vitamin A (normal vision) 
o Improves immune cell number and activity 
­Skin Markings 
● 1
...
 ​
Freckles 
o Yellowish or brown spots 
o Localized areas of excessive melanocyte ​
activity 
o Degree of pigmentation depends on sun exposure and 
heredity  
● 3
...
 ​
Capillary hemangioma​

▫ “strawberry­colored birthmarks” 
▫ Bright red to deep purple nodules 
▫ Disappear in childhood 
▪ 2
...
 ​
Friction Ridges 
o Contours of the skin surface that portray ridge patterns 
▪ Complex arches, lops, and whorls (thick skin) 
o Formed from large folds and valleys in both the dermis and 
epidermis 
 
 

~ ​
Dermis 
● Deep to the epidermis 
● Connective tissue​
: areolar & dense irregular 
● Other components​

o Blood vessels 
o Sweat glands 
o Sebaceous glands 
o Hair follicles 
o Nail roots 
o Sensory nerve endings 
o Smooth muscle tissue 
● 2 major regions​

o 1
...
 ​
Deeper reticular layer 
▪ Deeper, main portion of dermis 
▪ Dense irregular connective tissue and bundles of 
collagen fibers that project in all directions 
▫ Surrounding all structures and accessory organs 
within dermis 
­ ​
Stretch Marks, Wrinkles, Lines of Cleavage 
● Striae​
: stretch marks, caused by stretching of elastic and collagen 
fibers beyond capacity 
● Wrinkles​
: reduced flexibility and thickness of dermis from UV 
exposure and/or aging 
● Lines of cleavage​
: orientation of collagen fiber bundles 
o Aligned to resist stress from movement 
● Surgical significance​

o Right angle incisions​
­ slower healing 
o Parallel incisions​
­ promote faster healing, less scarring  
~ ​
Subcutaneous Layer​
 (Hypodermis) 
● Not considered part of integument 
● Connective tissue​
: areolar, adipose 
● Functions​


o Pads, protects body 
o Energy reservoir 
o Thermal insulation 
● Drugs are often injected into this layer​

o Vascular network promotes rapid absorption 
 
 
 

 

~ ​
Epidermal Accessory Organs 
1
...
 ​
Hair 
● Hair Type and Distribution 
o Pilus​
: single hair 
o 3 kinds of hair produced in a lifetime: 
▪ 1
...
 ​
Vellus​
­ primary human hair, replaces lanugo right 
before birth  
▪ 3
...
 ​
Hair bulb​
­ swelling at the base where hair originates 
in dermis  
▫ Surrounds hair papilla­ contains tiny blood vessels 
and nerves 
▪ 2
...
 ​
Shaft​
­ extends beyond skin surface 
o Hair production occurs in the hair matrix  
▪ Specialized type of keratinization occurs in which basal 
epithelial cells divide, producing daughter cells that 
push to the surface  
o 3 layers​

▪ Medulla, cortex, cuticle (lead, wood, paint on pencil) 
o Hair follicle​
­ tube that surrounds the root hair  
o Arrector pili muscle​
­ thin ribbon of smooth muscle 
▪ Stimulated in response to an emotional state or 
exposure to cold temperatures 
▫ “Goose bumps” 
● Functions of Hair  
o 1
...
 ​
Heat retention  
▪ Head hair prevents loss of heat from scalp to air  
o 3
...
 ​
Sensory reception 
▪  Hairs have associated touch receptors (hair root 
plexuses) 

o 5
...
 ​
Chemical signal dispersal  
▪ Help disperse pheromones­ chemical signals involved in 
attracting a mate 
▪ Secreted by selected sweat glands in the axillary and 
pubic regions 
● Hair Growth Cycle 
o 3 Stages 
▪ 1
...
 ​
Catagen Phase 
▫ Brief regression period 
▫ Cell division ceases 
▫ Follicle shrinks toward scalp surface 
▫ 3­4 weeks 
▪ 3
...
 ​
Sweat (sudoriferous) Glands 
o Produce watery solution 
● 2
...
 ​erocrine (eccrine) sweat glands 
M
▫ Sweat glands duct carries section to surface of 
epidermis 
▫ Most numerous (​
3­4 million​
) and widely 
distributed 
▫ Mostly concentrated in palms, soles, and forehead 
▫ Controlled by nervous system 
▫ Produces sweat 
● 98% water, 1% other chemicals 
o Electrolytes (Na, Cl) 
o Metabolites (Lactic acid) 
o Waste (urea and ammonia) 
▫ Functions​
: thermoregulation, secretion (excess 
water), protection (acidic) 
▪ 2
...
 ​
Comedo​
­ ducts plugged with sebum 
o Blackheads​
­ open comedo 

o Whitehead​
­ closed comedo 
● 2
...
 ​
Nodule​
­ similar to pustule, but extends 
into deeper skin layers, prone to scarring  

Other Integumentary Glands 
● Ceruminous glands 
o Modified sweat glands located only in the external acoustic 
meatus 
o Secretion mixes with both sebum and exfoliated keratinocytes 
to form earwax= ​
cerumen 
o Traps foreign particles or small insects 
o Contains lysozyme­ enzyme capable of destroying bacteria 
cell walls 
● Mammary glands 
o Modified apocrine sweat glands located in the breasts 
o Found in both males and females 
o Only functional in pregnant females when they produce a 
secretion to nourish offspring 
 
 
 

Burns 
● Major cause of accidental death 
● Causes​

o Heat 
o Radiation 
o Harmful chemicals 
o Sunlight 
o Electrical shock 
● Threat to Life​

o Fluid loss 
o Infection 
● Types of burns​

o First degree​

▪ Involve only epidermis 
▪ Characteristics​
: redness, pain, slight edema 
▪ Treatment​

▫ Cool water 
▫ Cool, wet compress 
▫ Cover with sterile nonadhesive bandage 
▪ Healing time​
: 3­5 days, no scarring 
o Second degree​

▪ Involves epidermis and part of dermis 
▪ Characteristics​
: skin appears red, tan, or white, 
blistered, painful 
▪ Treatment​

st​
▫ Same as with 1​
 degree burns 
▫ Take care not to break blisters­ may cause 
infection 
▫ Ointments should not be applied­ may retain heat 
▫ Elevate burned limbs­ reduces swelling 
▪ Healing time​
: 2­4 weeks, slight scarring may occur 
o Third degree​

▪ Involves epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis 
▪ Characteristics​
: entire portion of skin damaged 
▪ Treatment​

▫ Varies depending on what caused the burn 
▫ Usually require hospitalization 
▫ Skin graft necessary: transplant of skin from one 
part of body to the damaged area 
 
 

Types of Skin Cancer: 
● 1
...
 ​
Squamous Cell Carcinoma 
o Arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum 
o Appears on scalp, ears, lower lip, or back of hand 
o Early lesions: raised, reddened, scaly 
o Later lesions: form concave ulcers with elevated edges 
o Treated by early detection and surgical removal 
o May metastasize to other parts of body 
● 3
Title: Human Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 4- Integumentary System
Description: These notes cover the entire human integumentary system in great detail. The topics include but may not be limited to: Structure and Function of the Integumentary System Layers of the Epidermis Different Types of Epidermis Regions of the Dermis Epidermal Accessory Organs Integumentary System Disorders Integumentary System Glands Burns Skin Cancer The notes include highlights and symbols to bring attention to specific important points. This chapter specifically is written in great detail with many prioritization symbols. They will prove to be very beneficial when studying. These notes were taken for a high school honor's course of Anatomy and Physiology. However, they contain many advanced college level topics. These notes are aimed for any student taking Anatomy and Physiology in high school/college or for those who are curious as to how the body works and are laid out simply so that anyone can understand them.