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Title: Human Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 4- Integumentary System
Description: These notes cover the entire human integumentary system in great detail. The topics include but may not be limited to: Structure and Function of the Integumentary System Layers of the Epidermis Different Types of Epidermis Regions of the Dermis Epidermal Accessory Organs Integumentary System Disorders Integumentary System Glands Burns Skin Cancer The notes include highlights and symbols to bring attention to specific important points. This chapter specifically is written in great detail with many prioritization symbols. They will prove to be very beneficial when studying. These notes were taken for a high school honor's course of Anatomy and Physiology. However, they contain many advanced college level topics. These notes are aimed for any student taking Anatomy and Physiology in high school/college or for those who are curious as to how the body works and are laid out simply so that anyone can understand them.
Description: These notes cover the entire human integumentary system in great detail. The topics include but may not be limited to: Structure and Function of the Integumentary System Layers of the Epidermis Different Types of Epidermis Regions of the Dermis Epidermal Accessory Organs Integumentary System Disorders Integumentary System Glands Burns Skin Cancer The notes include highlights and symbols to bring attention to specific important points. This chapter specifically is written in great detail with many prioritization symbols. They will prove to be very beneficial when studying. These notes were taken for a high school honor's course of Anatomy and Physiology. However, they contain many advanced college level topics. These notes are aimed for any student taking Anatomy and Physiology in high school/college or for those who are curious as to how the body works and are laid out simply so that anyone can understand them.
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Chapter 4 Integumentary System
+
Structure
● Largest organ
● Protects internal body structures
● 7%8% of body weight
2
● Covers 1
...
9 m
● Thickness: 1
...
Epidermis
stratified squamous epithelium
▪ 2
...
Protection
o Physical barrier from injury, trauma, bumps, scrapes, harmful
chemicals, toxins, microbes, excessive heat or cold
o Can also absorb chemicals and drugs
▪ Selectively permeable
o Solar radiation, especially UV
● 2
...
Temperature Regulation
o Body too warm
:
▪ Blood vessels dilate
▪ Sweat glands release fluid on skin surface
o Body too cold
:
▪ Blood vessels constrict
▪ Blood shunted to deeper body tissues
● 4
...
Immune Defense
o Epidermis contain small population of immune cells
epidermal dendritic cells, or
Langerhans cells
▪ Phagocytize pathogens as well as epidermal cancer cells
● 6
...
Excretion by means of Secretion
o Skin is excretory in function when it eliminates waste
products via secretion of sweat
▪ Sweat consists of water, salts, and urea
(
nitrogencontaining waste product
)
o Sebaceous glands in skin secrete oils (
sebum
) to lubricate
skin and hair
+
Epidermis
● Cells= keratinocytes (produces keratin)
● Strata (layers):
deep to superficial
o Stratum basale
(Baby)
Living Layer
o Stratum spinosum
(Seals)
Living Layer
o Stratum granulosum
(Growl)
Living Layer
o Stratum lucidum
(Like)
Dead Layer
o Stratum corneum
(Cats)
Dead Layer
● Stratum Basale
o Deepest epidermal layer
o AKA
stratum germinativum basal layer
or
o Cuboidal to low columnar cells
o Consists of 3 cell types
:
▪ 1
...
elanocytes
M
▫ Have long cytoplasmic processes, scattered
among keratinocytes
▫ Processes transfer pigment granules
(elanosomes
m
) into keratinocytes
● “some” means body
▫ Pigment accumulates around nucleus of
keratinocytes, shielding DNA from UV
▫ Darker tones of skin result from:
● Production of melanin by melanocytes
● Darkening of melanin already present upon
exposure to UV
▪ 3
...
Thin Skin
● Thick Skin
:
o Palms of hands, soles of feet
o Same surfaces of fingers, toes
o Consists of all 5 epidermal strata
o 400600 um (micrometers)
o Has sweat glands, but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands
● Thin Skin
:
o Covers most of the body
o Lacks stratum lucidum (only 4 layers)
o Contains:
▪ Hair follicles
▪ Sebaceous glands
▪ Sweat glands
o 75 150 um thick
Skin Color
● Normal skin color due to
:
o Hemoglobin
o Melanin
o Carotene
● Hemoglobin
o O
binding protein in RBC
2
o Exhibits bright red color when bound to O
2
● Melanin
o Pigment produced/ stored in melanocytes
o Made from amino acid tyrosine; requires enzyme tyrosinase
▪ All enzymes end with “ase”
o 2 types
:
▪ 1
...
Pheomelanin
: yellow, reddish
o Transferred to keratinocytes by melanocytes via phagocytosis
(eat) or exocytosis (excrete)
o Everyone= same number of melanocytes
o Variation of skin color due to
:
▪ 1
...
elanin color produced
M
o Darker skin= more melanin production
o Amount of melanin produced is determined by:
▪ Heredity
▪ Light exposure
▫ UV light darkens melanin already present and
stimulates melanocytes to make more melanin
● Carotene
o Yelloworange pigment obtained by eating:
▪ Yelloworange vegetables (carrots, corn, peppers)
o Accumulates in:
▪ Keratinocytes of stratum corneum
▪ Subcutaneous fat
o Converted into Vitamin A (normal vision)
o Improves immune cell number and activity
Skin Markings
● 1
...
Freckles
o Yellowish or brown spots
o Localized areas of excessive melanocyte
activity
o Degree of pigmentation depends on sun exposure and
heredity
● 3
...
Capillary hemangioma
:
▫ “strawberrycolored birthmarks”
▫ Bright red to deep purple nodules
▫ Disappear in childhood
▪ 2
...
Friction Ridges
o Contours of the skin surface that portray ridge patterns
▪ Complex arches, lops, and whorls (thick skin)
o Formed from large folds and valleys in both the dermis and
epidermis
~
Dermis
● Deep to the epidermis
● Connective tissue
: areolar & dense irregular
● Other components
:
o Blood vessels
o Sweat glands
o Sebaceous glands
o Hair follicles
o Nail roots
o Sensory nerve endings
o Smooth muscle tissue
● 2 major regions
:
o 1
...
Deeper reticular layer
▪ Deeper, main portion of dermis
▪ Dense irregular connective tissue and bundles of
collagen fibers that project in all directions
▫ Surrounding all structures and accessory organs
within dermis
Stretch Marks, Wrinkles, Lines of Cleavage
● Striae
: stretch marks, caused by stretching of elastic and collagen
fibers beyond capacity
● Wrinkles
: reduced flexibility and thickness of dermis from UV
exposure and/or aging
● Lines of cleavage
: orientation of collagen fiber bundles
o Aligned to resist stress from movement
● Surgical significance
:
o Right angle incisions
slower healing
o Parallel incisions
promote faster healing, less scarring
~
Subcutaneous Layer
(Hypodermis)
● Not considered part of integument
● Connective tissue
: areolar, adipose
● Functions
:
o Pads, protects body
o Energy reservoir
o Thermal insulation
● Drugs are often injected into this layer
:
o Vascular network promotes rapid absorption
~
Epidermal Accessory Organs
1
...
Hair
● Hair Type and Distribution
o Pilus
: single hair
o 3 kinds of hair produced in a lifetime:
▪ 1
...
Vellus
primary human hair, replaces lanugo right
before birth
▪ 3
...
Hair bulb
swelling at the base where hair originates
in dermis
▫ Surrounds hair papilla contains tiny blood vessels
and nerves
▪ 2
...
Shaft
extends beyond skin surface
o Hair production occurs in the hair matrix
▪ Specialized type of keratinization occurs in which basal
epithelial cells divide, producing daughter cells that
push to the surface
o 3 layers
:
▪ Medulla, cortex, cuticle (lead, wood, paint on pencil)
o Hair follicle
tube that surrounds the root hair
o Arrector pili muscle
thin ribbon of smooth muscle
▪ Stimulated in response to an emotional state or
exposure to cold temperatures
▫ “Goose bumps”
● Functions of Hair
o 1
...
Heat retention
▪ Head hair prevents loss of heat from scalp to air
o 3
...
Sensory reception
▪ Hairs have associated touch receptors (hair root
plexuses)
o 5
...
Chemical signal dispersal
▪ Help disperse pheromones chemical signals involved in
attracting a mate
▪ Secreted by selected sweat glands in the axillary and
pubic regions
● Hair Growth Cycle
o 3 Stages
▪ 1
...
Catagen Phase
▫ Brief regression period
▫ Cell division ceases
▫ Follicle shrinks toward scalp surface
▫ 34 weeks
▪ 3
...
Sweat (sudoriferous) Glands
o Produce watery solution
● 2
...
erocrine (eccrine) sweat glands
M
▫ Sweat glands duct carries section to surface of
epidermis
▫ Most numerous (
34 million
) and widely
distributed
▫ Mostly concentrated in palms, soles, and forehead
▫ Controlled by nervous system
▫ Produces sweat
● 98% water, 1% other chemicals
o Electrolytes (Na, Cl)
o Metabolites (Lactic acid)
o Waste (urea and ammonia)
▫ Functions
: thermoregulation, secretion (excess
water), protection (acidic)
▪ 2
...
Comedo
ducts plugged with sebum
o Blackheads
open comedo
o Whitehead
closed comedo
● 2
...
Nodule
similar to pustule, but extends
into deeper skin layers, prone to scarring
Other Integumentary Glands
● Ceruminous glands
o Modified sweat glands located only in the external acoustic
meatus
o Secretion mixes with both sebum and exfoliated keratinocytes
to form earwax=
cerumen
o Traps foreign particles or small insects
o Contains lysozyme enzyme capable of destroying bacteria
cell walls
● Mammary glands
o Modified apocrine sweat glands located in the breasts
o Found in both males and females
o Only functional in pregnant females when they produce a
secretion to nourish offspring
Burns
● Major cause of accidental death
● Causes
:
o Heat
o Radiation
o Harmful chemicals
o Sunlight
o Electrical shock
● Threat to Life
:
o Fluid loss
o Infection
● Types of burns
:
o First degree
:
▪ Involve only epidermis
▪ Characteristics
: redness, pain, slight edema
▪ Treatment
:
▫ Cool water
▫ Cool, wet compress
▫ Cover with sterile nonadhesive bandage
▪ Healing time
: 35 days, no scarring
o Second degree
:
▪ Involves epidermis and part of dermis
▪ Characteristics
: skin appears red, tan, or white,
blistered, painful
▪ Treatment
:
st
▫ Same as with 1
degree burns
▫ Take care not to break blisters may cause
infection
▫ Ointments should not be applied may retain heat
▫ Elevate burned limbs reduces swelling
▪ Healing time
: 24 weeks, slight scarring may occur
o Third degree
:
▪ Involves epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
▪ Characteristics
: entire portion of skin damaged
▪ Treatment
:
▫ Varies depending on what caused the burn
▫ Usually require hospitalization
▫ Skin graft necessary: transplant of skin from one
part of body to the damaged area
Types of Skin Cancer:
● 1
...
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
o Arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
o Appears on scalp, ears, lower lip, or back of hand
o Early lesions: raised, reddened, scaly
o Later lesions: form concave ulcers with elevated edges
o Treated by early detection and surgical removal
o May metastasize to other parts of body
● 3
Title: Human Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 4- Integumentary System
Description: These notes cover the entire human integumentary system in great detail. The topics include but may not be limited to: Structure and Function of the Integumentary System Layers of the Epidermis Different Types of Epidermis Regions of the Dermis Epidermal Accessory Organs Integumentary System Disorders Integumentary System Glands Burns Skin Cancer The notes include highlights and symbols to bring attention to specific important points. This chapter specifically is written in great detail with many prioritization symbols. They will prove to be very beneficial when studying. These notes were taken for a high school honor's course of Anatomy and Physiology. However, they contain many advanced college level topics. These notes are aimed for any student taking Anatomy and Physiology in high school/college or for those who are curious as to how the body works and are laid out simply so that anyone can understand them.
Description: These notes cover the entire human integumentary system in great detail. The topics include but may not be limited to: Structure and Function of the Integumentary System Layers of the Epidermis Different Types of Epidermis Regions of the Dermis Epidermal Accessory Organs Integumentary System Disorders Integumentary System Glands Burns Skin Cancer The notes include highlights and symbols to bring attention to specific important points. This chapter specifically is written in great detail with many prioritization symbols. They will prove to be very beneficial when studying. These notes were taken for a high school honor's course of Anatomy and Physiology. However, they contain many advanced college level topics. These notes are aimed for any student taking Anatomy and Physiology in high school/college or for those who are curious as to how the body works and are laid out simply so that anyone can understand them.