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The causes of disease
Pathogens
Types
Exam ples
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Cholera

Bacteria

Virus
ð Parasitic
ð ‘Hide’ from immune system
ð Mutate so antigen changes
avoiding antibodies

Diagram

Influenza
HIV – human immunodeficiency
virus (attacks CD4 T cells)

Athlete’s foot – dermatophytes
Thrush (candidiasis) – infection
due to Candida

Fungus

Interfaces
Skin
Digestive system
Gas-exchange system
Bodily secretions

Inform ation
Broken skin, rapid blood clotting (fibrinogen and
prothrombin – protective proteins) seals wound
...

Cilia cells and mucus (formed by goblet cells) trap
pathogens in the nasal cavity
...
contain lysozymes
(enzymes) which inhibit bacterial growth
...
g
...


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[EXTRA]
ð Protoctista – have two hosts; one a vector to another
...
g
...

ð Ectoparasites – feed on body surface
...
g
...

ð Endoparasites – feed inside the body
...
g
...


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Lifestyle
Risk factors
ð Risk factors – increase chances of an individual getting a particular disease
...

ð Reducing exposure reduces chances of getting disease
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ð Cancer:
ð Smoking (lung cancer, bronchitis, emphysema)
ð Diet
ð Alcohol (cirrhosis of liver)
ð Sun exposure (overexposure to UV light can cause skin cancer)

Correlation or cause?
ð Correlation – similarity in pattern between two factors
...

ð There can be:
ð No causal relationship e
...
eating ice cream and skin cancer
...
g
...

ð Partial causal relationship e
...
obesity and CHD
...
This promotes polymerisation of
haemoglobin altering shape and elasticity of molecule
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