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Computer Architecture
CS3008 Operation Systems
Lecture 02

Computer System
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•
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•

One or more CPUs
Device controllers (I/O modules)
Memory
Bus

Operating System as a Resource
Manager
• Operating System
manages system
resources
– Processor
– Memory
– I/O modules and
devices

Computer System Operation
• Processors and I/O devices can execute in parallel
– I/O modules (device controllers) are separate
processing units executing their own software
(firmware)
– Local buffer (memory of the device controller)

• Data is moved from/to memory to/from devicelocal buffer either by processor or with DMA
hardware
• I/O devices interact with processor via interrupts

Computer System Concepts
• We will discuss
– Processor, main memory, I/O modules and system bus
– Instruction execution
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•
•
•

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–
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Processor – memory
Processor – I/O
Data processing
Control

Interrupts, interrupt processing
Memory hierarchy
Cache, cache principles and design
Multiprocessor, multi-core systems

Basic Hardware
• Processor
– Single processor
– Multiple processors / processor cores

• Main Memory
– Volatile
– Is a large array of memory locations, each memory location has
an address, sequentially numbered

• I/O Modules
– For data exchange between CPU / memory and external devices
(hard disk, network, etc
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SMP Organisation

SMP Advantage
• Performance
– Parallelism will improve throughpu

• Scaling and Incremental Growth
– Computer systems can be scaled to processing needs
and financial considerations
– We can add more processors
– Today’s supercomputers consist of thousands of
processors

• Availability
– Fault-tolerant, system continues to function, when
one processor fails

Multicore Systems
• A processor has multiple processing cores
– Parallelism on the processor chip itself
– Each core has all the components of a single
processor

• Performance advantages
– Multiple processors on a single chip brings huge
performance advantages
– Introduction of different levels of cache memory



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