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Title: F215 Animal Behaviours
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Animal Behaviours. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Animal Behaviours. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.
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Tanisha Patel
Animal Behaviours
a) explain the advantages to organisms of innate behaviour;
● Much quicker don’t need to learn it
● It requires fewer neurones
● It has immediate survival value
● Organisms with short life spans
● It is likely to be appropriate for the animal’s habitats
b) describe escape reflexes, taxes and kineses as examples of genetically determined innate
behaviours;
Escape reflexes
● A sudden stimulus induces an automatic response
● Often protective
● E
...
Earthworms withdraw underground in response to vibrations on the ground
Taxes
● A directional response to a stimulus
● Positive response moves towards
● Negative response moves away
● E
...
Blowfly maggots move away from directional light source
● E
...
Woodlice moving away from light to avoid predators
Kineses
● A nondirectional response to a stimulus
● The rate of response is related to the intensity of the stimulus
● E
...
woodlice placed in dry environments move around randomly until suitable
conditions found
c) explain the meaning of the term learned behaviour;
● Behaviour that is changed, altered and learnt by experience
● Requires memory, reinforcement and practice
● Variable within the same species
Tanisha Patel
d) describe habituation, imprinting, classical and operant conditioning, latent and insight
learning as examples of learned behaviours;
Habituation
Ignoring a repeated stimulus
Loss of response to a repeated stimulus where there is no reinforcement
Imprinting
Young animals associate with another organism, usually the parent
They follow and learn from objects that look like the first objects
Helps young learn skills from parents
Particular response to one organism
Classical Conditioning
Adaptive learning where innate response is modified
Animal learns to respond to a stimulus that is different from the usual stimulus
E
...
Pavlov dogs/Little Albert
Operant Conditioning
Adaptive learning where animals learns to carry out particular action
To receive a reward or avoid unpleasant experience
Trial and error learning
E
...
Rat in Skinner box
Latent Learning
Exploratory learning
Important for survival
Information is not of immediate use, but potential future use
Insight Learning
High cognitive learning
Thinking, reasoning, problem solving
More than trial and error
Problem, solutions are remembered for future use
Tanisha Patel
e) describe, using one example, the advantages of social behaviour in primates;
Social Behaviour in Mountain Gorillas
● Family groups and hierarchies
○ One dominant male (silverback)
○ Leads the group on food acquisition
○ Has sole mating rights with females
○ Males reaching sexual maturity leave group or challenge silverback
○ Grooming behaviours
○ Care of offspring (learning social and other skills)
○ Juvenile gorilla “play” and “imitation”
○ Protection/skill acquisition from silverback
○ Communication
Advantages of Social Behaviours
+ Learning through observation
+ Increased care of young (Kstrategists)
+ Increased protection and survival rates
+ Food sources knowledge and strategies
+ Predators detecting and deterring
f) discuss how the links between a range of human behaviours and the dopamine receptor DRD4
may contribute to the understanding of human behaviour;
Dopamine
● Dopamine is a hormone and neurotransmitter
● Goes on to produce adrenaline/noradrenaline
● Abnormal levels associated with Parkinson’s, schizophrenia, ADHD
DRD4
● 5 dopamine receptors (DRD 15)
● DRD4 tends to be variable in terms of tandem repeats
● Affects levels and mechanisms of dopamine in the brain
Treating Dopamine Related Conditions
● Knowing genotype and behaviour of individuals
...
● Treating Parkinson’s patients with Ldopa = behavioural changes (e
...
gambling)
● Can find genetic markers to behavioural conditions e
...
community, OCD
Title: F215 Animal Behaviours
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Animal Behaviours. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Animal Behaviours. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.