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Production, Location and Change (Case Studies)
Advanced Human Geography Options
Cambridge International AS and A Level Geography
For Syllabus 9696

Case Studies
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Extensive Sheep Farming in Australia (Pastoral System)
Intensive Rice Production in Lower Ganges Valley (Arable System)
Recent Changes in Jamaica’s Farming
Jamaica’s Kew Park Farm
The Changing location of EU Car Manufacturers to Slovakia
The Management of Change in India’s Manufacturing Industry
India’s New High-tech city: Bangalore

A Pastoral System - Sheep farming in Australia
Characteristics + Location
Sheep farming in Aus
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Extensive farming
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Sheep farms mainly located inland, semi-arid
areas
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Processes =
grazing, lambing, dipping, shearing
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Aus
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Largest wool producer/exporter,
largest exporter live sheep + lamb
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Sheep raised S
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where moderate/high rainfall + drier New South Wales + Queensland
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85 million hectares just for wool
production
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16% of sheep
breed for meat production
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60,000 sheep farms (100-100,000 each)
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Sheep farming in Aus
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Most extensive
in pastoral zone (semi/arid inland area)
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high, rainfall low + drought
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Pastoral zone, density sheep low, poor quality forage
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Farms large
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Sheep kept
marginal areas (colder higher Wales)
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sheep on farm that support 2,000 animals
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Farming Issues
-Weed infestation (hard control on large farms little capital) + destruction wildlife overgrazing
in marginal
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-Soil loss due to wind + runoff
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-shortage experience shearers
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¼ drop
2003-2006
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Ganges basin is
India's most extensive + productive agricultural area + densely populated
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Rice = 75% diet in area
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Rice only 100 days growing season
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-Rich alluvial soils built up
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Large labour force

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Cons of rice growing
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Flooding
Droughts
Shortage of land with growing population
Lack of machinery
Majority best land held by wealthy landlords

Water-intensive Staple Crop
Rice staple food of Asia
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5,000 litres used for 1 kg
rice
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Called premodern intensive farming as not like HIC market gardening = capital intensive
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Drier rice easier but lower yields
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Water provided by Ganges flooding or gravity canals
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Fish added to water for extra
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Wells used in dry season
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Low incomes + capital subsistence
farming means hand labour is dominant
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High labour input
necessary to:
-Build embankments stabilised by coconut + banana trees
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-Plant nursery rice, plough paddy fields, transplant rice etc…
-Cultivate other crops during dry season, chickens + livestock
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Many farmers tenants, pay money to landlord
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Green Revolution
IR8 seed variety *3 food production, higher average yield + greater use fertilisers, tractors +
mechanised ploughs
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Pros
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Yields *3, multiple cropping
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Surplus to sell to cities
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Allow purchase machinery
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Some borrowed, end with debts
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Eutrophication by fertilisers
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Land devoted to
crops declined 13% during period, land given to pasture fell 50%
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Problem = removal preferential treatment for bananas on EU market, creating + competition +
lowering prices
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Moko disease also affected crops
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GDP drop 7
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Reasons for decline also:
- Long term effects of hurricane Ivan
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- Impacts of hurricane Dennis + Emily + tropical storm Wilma 2005, losses $994 million
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European commission 36% cut in price paid
for raw sugar exports from Afr
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Policy responses
In response, Jamaica gov
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Main elements policy:
- To centre industry around these products-- raw sugar, molasses, ethanol for fuel
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Commodity-specific policies for bananas include rationalising in areas under production;
provision of technical support for irrigation and extension; restructuring banana insurance
scheme
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Jamaica produced new Agricultural Development Plan, transform farming sector by 2020
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New
plan aims to increase production in:
-Small Ruminant Industry Development Project
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Poultry is example farming sector significant benefits accrued through:
- Internal structural changes
- Reorganisation production system
- Intro higher levels tech
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G
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market gone international
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Fallow fields get back into
production with help of land use policy in 2010
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Land degradation
Not big problem but in some parts of country affecting
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ICT and Agriculture
Gov
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Current initiatives:
- ABIS created computer-based tech
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Private sector uses GIS to advertise
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New Farming tech
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Product range broadened, more att

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