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Title: (CIEGeography9696) iA2 Production, Location and Change (Case Studies)
Description: This document contains Case Study revision notes for the "Production, Location and Change" topic from section "Advanced Human Geography Options." (Cambridge International AS and A level Geography) (These case studies are suitable for CIE Geography A2 Level Human paper this June) Syllabus 9696

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1

Production, Location and Change (Case Studies)
Advanced Human Geography Options
Cambridge International AS and A Level Geography
For Syllabus 9696

Case Studies








Extensive Sheep Farming in Australia (Pastoral System)
Intensive Rice Production in Lower Ganges Valley (Arable System)
Recent Changes in Jamaica’s Farming
Jamaica’s Kew Park Farm
The Changing location of EU Car Manufacturers to Slovakia
The Management of Change in India’s Manufacturing Industry
India’s New High-tech city: Bangalore

A Pastoral System - Sheep farming in Australia
Characteristics + Location
Sheep farming in Aus
...
Extensive farming
...
Sheep farms mainly located inland, semi-arid
areas
...
Processes =
grazing, lambing, dipping, shearing
...

Aus
...
Largest wool producer/exporter,
largest exporter live sheep + lamb
...

Sheep raised S
...
where moderate/high rainfall + drier New South Wales + Queensland
...
85 million hectares just for wool
production
...
16% of sheep
breed for meat production
...
60,000 sheep farms (100-100,000 each)
...
Sheep farming in Aus
...
Most extensive
in pastoral zone (semi/arid inland area)
...
high, rainfall low + drought
...
Pastoral zone, density sheep low, poor quality forage
...
Farms large
...
Sheep kept
marginal areas (colder higher Wales)
...
sheep on farm that support 2,000 animals
...

Farming Issues
-Weed infestation (hard control on large farms little capital) + destruction wildlife overgrazing
in marginal
...

-Soil loss due to wind + runoff
...

-shortage experience shearers
...
¼ drop
2003-2006
...
Ganges basin is
India's most extensive + productive agricultural area + densely populated
...
Rice = 75% diet in area
...
Rice only 100 days growing season
...

-Rich alluvial soils built up
...

Large labour force

3

Cons of rice growing
-

Flooding
Droughts
Shortage of land with growing population
Lack of machinery
Majority best land held by wealthy landlords

Water-intensive Staple Crop
Rice staple food of Asia
...
5,000 litres used for 1 kg
rice
...
Called premodern intensive farming as not like HIC market gardening = capital intensive
...
Drier rice easier but lower yields
...
Water provided by Ganges flooding or gravity canals
...
Fish added to water for extra
...

Wells used in dry season
...
Low incomes + capital subsistence
farming means hand labour is dominant
...
High labour input
necessary to:
-Build embankments stabilised by coconut + banana trees
...

-Plant nursery rice, plough paddy fields, transplant rice etc…
-Cultivate other crops during dry season, chickens + livestock
...
Many farmers tenants, pay money to landlord
...

Green Revolution
IR8 seed variety *3 food production, higher average yield + greater use fertilisers, tractors +
mechanised ploughs
...


Pros
...

-

Yields *3, multiple cropping
...

Surplus to sell to cities
...

Allow purchase machinery
...

Some borrowed, end with debts
...

Eutrophication by fertilisers
...
Land devoted to
crops declined 13% during period, land given to pasture fell 50%
...

Problem = removal preferential treatment for bananas on EU market, creating + competition +
lowering prices
...

Moko disease also affected crops
...
GDP drop 7
...

Reasons for decline also:
- Long term effects of hurricane Ivan
...

- Impacts of hurricane Dennis + Emily + tropical storm Wilma 2005, losses $994 million
...
European commission 36% cut in price paid
for raw sugar exports from Afr
...

Policy responses
In response, Jamaica gov
...
Main elements policy:
- To centre industry around these products-- raw sugar, molasses, ethanol for fuel
...

Commodity-specific policies for bananas include rationalising in areas under production;
provision of technical support for irrigation and extension; restructuring banana insurance
scheme
...

Jamaica produced new Agricultural Development Plan, transform farming sector by 2020
...
New
plan aims to increase production in:
-Small Ruminant Industry Development Project
...

Poultry is example farming sector significant benefits accrued through:
- Internal structural changes
- Reorganisation production system
- Intro higher levels tech
...
G
...
market gone international
...
Fallow fields get back into
production with help of land use policy in 2010
...

Land degradation
Not big problem but in some parts of country affecting
...


6

ICT and Agriculture
Gov
...

Current initiatives:
- ABIS created computer-based tech
...
Private sector uses GIS to advertise
...
New Farming tech
...
Product range broadened, more attention
on marketing
...
Climatic hazards + lack of funding meant that ICT not
good
...
As Jamaica small country economically
harder to trade on global scale
...
g
...
Non-traditional crops also, sweet potatoes, hot peppers, both domestic + commercial
...
Products of livestock mainly domestic consumption
...
Over last 20 years sugar experienced decline
...
Other
problems arisen cause of non-traditional crops h surplus on local market
...
Located high hills of parish of Westmoreland,
overlooking Great river valley, forms border between Westmoreland + St
...
Kew Park
covers area 385 hectares + run along with Copse Mountain farm
...
30% accessed by foot, 15% total area not farmed
...


7

Most farmed area for beef cattle, much Red Poll breeding research done here
...
(700 animals) Cattle confined to grass areas barbed
wire
...
Much of primary process done on
farm, sent to Kingston to graded, roasted, packed
...

Gained reputation
...
KP coffee carefully
expanded over past 20 years taking into account long term sustainability of farm, workers +
environment
...
(poor quality too wet + not maintained)
2 hectares lychees
...
(washed + packed on farm, sold locally)

Life in rural Jamaica not easy, Kew Park only full-time employment
...

Farm managers aware cost of all inputs (labour, animal stock, seeds, machinery)
...
Knowledge local + distant markets (access and price important)
...
More favourable price for one product larger share farm resources
...
Agricultural policies incentives
...
Expensive task to combat
...
Easier method allows migratory birds onto farm to eat
...

Kew park grows spices + remedies brought over by GB, Africa etc… Income increased because
of this on website
...
Located in hilly part country, distant from
Kingston
...
Farm expanded commercial
markets
...
Hasn't got any influence on policies +
internationally as too small
...


8

Slovakia - the changing location of EU car manufacturing
Car manufacturing one of world's largest industries
...
In recent years countries like Slovakia
joined EU
...
Eu
countries
...

- Strong work ethic, high levels of productivity
- Low transport costs, proximity to w
...
(Bratislava next to Austria border)
- Low political risk, stable nature of country
- Attractive gov
...


Volkswagen expands
Before EU membership, Slovakia already boasted VW plant with 250,000 output of cars
annually
...
Produces Polo, Touareg + Seat
Ibiza
...
VW also got plant manufacturing component in Martín,
opened in 2000
...
Number companies supplying VW
opened in Slovakia
...
In Slovakia
...
E
...
Attracting some main suppliers nearby
...

$1
...
2006 Peugeot opened large plant in Trnava, 50 Km from Bratislava
...

production, plant export 300,000 cars per year
...

Slovakia produced 980,000 cars in 2013
...
Car industry in
Slovakia now employs more than 60,000 people
...
3 billion, second largest population world
...
India = NIC
...
Others like Thailand developed earlier but not same
...
Service sector = 57%
I's GDP, industry = 26%, agriculture = 17%
...

Textiles = largest industry, 45 million employed, 27% I's exports
...
Car industry 7th largest, produced 3
...
Software + ICT built I's global
reputation
...
g
...
S
...

Traditional Industrial Policy
1950, first non-Communist LIC institute industrial policy
...

Copying USSR 5-year plans set up
...
Plans designed
bring economic + social development
...
Develop
...
econ
...

- Achieve more even regional distribution industrial develop
...
Of Econ
...
Investment In private sector not based on
profits, but requirement overall national plan
...
Self-reliance imp
...
policy
...
produce much as possible inside India itself, keep imports minimum
...
Knowledge
...
New product or expansion existing capacity
had obtained gov
...

- Strict import controls
- Subsidising exports
- Strict controls on investment by TNCs
...
most protected economies World
...
Model influenced by people, socialism, USSR, UK labour party
...
Abandoned after ext
...

Planning commission = major role in formulating industrial policy + in guiding I's Industrial
Revolution
...

Many economists say I
...
Far too many rules +
regulations, hindrance in development of private sector industry
...
Aid from West little impact on Industry
...

Economic Reform
Currency crisis 1991 = massive turning point
...
reform = rapid eco
...
productivity levels + living standards in I
...
Eco
...
regulations + restrictions in economy
...

- Market orientation - more careful analysis demand in domestic + global markets
...

Greater freedom from gov
...
This change of economy credited with increasing growth
rate GDP from 3 to 3
...
International financial
institution regard I
...

Instead of planning inputs + outputs for each company + industry, gov
...
Still maintained high international standard tariffs + restrictions portfolio + FDI
...

policy not copy of Western model
...
success = It industry, pharmaceuticals, auto components
...
⅙ of country to launch satellite
...
1970s
backward areas located to place industry
...
Included:
- Grant 15% fixed cap
...

- Trans
...
no more industrial licenses granted in + around metropolitan cities + urban
above 500,000
...
to correct regional imbalance
...
Internationally, India success narrow regional unbalance
...
Export intensity software = 70%,
10% export intensity for economy as whole
...
Success software industry
= traditional industrial policy, recent reforms magnified
...
Mainly in south, entrepreneurial state govs
...

- Gov
...

- Govs
...
City favoured as distance Pakistan + China
...
received support from
gov
...
Age of reform
allowed ICT industry flourish
...

Important best balance between manufacturing + service sectors
...
Issue is distribution
gains + losses from globalisation
...
important issue
...
Capital spent on transport
infrastructure = 6% GDP
...
needs to spend
...

Bangalore: India's high-tech city
It has emerged as one of centres of India high-tech industry
...
1300 ICT
companies
...
Most important individual centre In India for tech
industry
...
Attracts investors
“Garden City” best quality life in I
...
Space research established
...
Likes to learn
...
Texas Instruments selected
...
Important backwards + forward linkages established
...

I ICT sector benefited filter down business from HICs
...
A companies now outsourcing to
India instead as:
- Labour costs lower
- Some HICs ICT skill shortages
- 80 million English speaking workforces
- Democracy
- Opposite time zone to many HICs like USA + UK
...
B rapidly + 2
...
6 million 2011
...
La
scape changed, glass + steel skyscrapers
...
Hub ICT companies
...


Bangalore
-

-

1300 software companies, 110,000 IT workers, 40% I software exports
...
40% B exports = these high-tech areas
...

170, 000 m2 International tech Park joint venture between gov
...

Singapore, House of TATA
...
Siemens,
Motorola etc…
City attracted outsourcing across IT spectrum
Boasts 21 engineering colleges
...

7
...

50% pop
...

Edge of Bangalore has executive flats, pools etc…
51 km from airport
5 million cars cause traffic
...



Title: (CIEGeography9696) iA2 Production, Location and Change (Case Studies)
Description: This document contains Case Study revision notes for the "Production, Location and Change" topic from section "Advanced Human Geography Options." (Cambridge International AS and A level Geography) (These case studies are suitable for CIE Geography A2 Level Human paper this June) Syllabus 9696