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Title: IB Physics Topic 4 Notes
Description: Notes for Topic 4 (Wave Physics) of IB Physics.
Description: Notes for Topic 4 (Wave Physics) of IB Physics.
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4
...
A simple harmonic oscillation is oscillatory motion in which the acceleration is opposite and proportional to displacement from equilibrium
...
The time taken to complete a cycle is a period
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The reciprocal, the number of cycles per unit time is the frequency
w is angular speed
Topic 4 Page 2
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Qualitatively describing the energy changes
Because there is no motion yet, there is no kinetic energy
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A continuous exchange between EK and EP occurs
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EK + EP = ET
Topic 4 Page 3
SHM x/v/a Graphs
• The graph of x vs t is reflected across the axis in order to get a vs t graph
Phase and Phase difference
The three graphs are sinusoidal (they take the shape of a sine wave)
...
The graphs have a phase difference
...
When the phase difference is 0 or T then two systems are oscillating in phase
...
The total energy of the system:
m = 125 g
Spring constant :
Acceleration of mass at
(Hooke's Law)
Topic 4 Page 5
SHM Force vs Displacement graph
From a Force vs Displacement graph we can determine:
Explain that the mass is undergoing Simple Harmonic Motion:
• In SHM,
...
• The graph shows that
...
The spring constant of the spring:
Pick any
and any
...
0 kg
The maximum speed of the mass:
The speed of the mass at
m:
Topic 4 Page 6
4
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Propagation is when a wave travels
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Radiation means any disturbance that propagates outwards from its source
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Energy is the ability to move an object
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All waves that require a material object as the medium are called mechanical waves
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The particles within
the medium oscillate back and forth, staying more or less in the same location, while the wave propagates over long distances
...
- The particles of the medium vibrate about their rest position at the same frequency as the source
...
(e
...
Slinky wave)
- In two-dimensional (2-D) wave motion, the wave is only restricted to travelling along the surface of the medium
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g
...
(e
...
sound of bomb)
Topic 4 Page 8
Wavelength, frequency, period and wave speed
Wavelength (λ) is the shortest distance between two points that are in phase on a wave, i
...
two consecutive crests or two consecutive troughs
...
(measured in
Hz)
Period (T) is the time that it takes for one complete wavelength to pass a fixed point or for a
particle to undergo one complete oscillation
...
The speed of the wave (v) is equal to the frequency multiplied by the wavelength
...
A longitudinal wave is a wave that has the direction of particle oscillation parallel to the energy transfer
...
EM radiation has electric and magnetic fields at right angles to each other and also to the direction of
propagation of the wave
...
Distance vs Displacement Dot graph
Can be converted to:
Rarefaction is positive, compression is negative
Compression is when the particles are more bunched up than normal
...
Topic 4 Page 12
Interpreting Graphs
Amplitude
Wavelength
Period
Frequency and wave speed can be calculated
...
3 - Wave Characteristics
Topic 4 Page 15
Wavefronts and Rays
Wavefronts are surfaces on which all points have the same phase
...
Characteristics of wavefronts:
• Wavefronts can be 3D
• The farther the wavefronts get from the source the more it becomes flat
• Wavefronts can be bent by obstacles in the environment or by the properties of the medium through
which the wave passes
...
Topic 4 Page 16
Amplitude and Intensity
Intensity is the rate energy is being transmitted per unit area and is measured in (W m -2)
...
Ewave Amplitude2
Inverse Square Law:
Topic 4 Page 17
Superposition
Wave superposition is the addition of two or more waves passing simultaneously through a medium
...
Superposition is also called interference and can be constructive o r destructive
...
Polarisation only applies to transverse waves
...
The light is polarized when the E-fields of the light are all oriented in a
single direction
...
The second filter is called the analyser
...
Topic 4 Page 19
Problems Involving Malus's Law
The transmitted intensity of polarised light through a polariser is reduced by a factor of
Malus law:
Question: State what is meant by polarised light [1 mark]
• Light sources produce waves having E-fields in many directions (important to say this in every polarisation question)
• Polarized light has waves that have their E-fields in one direction
Topic 4 Page 20
Methods of Polarisation
Besides a polaroid filter, there are other ways to polarise light
...
Partially polarised light is
made
...
4 - Wave Behaviour
Topic 4 Page 22
Reflection & Refraction
Reflection occurs when a wave meets a boundary such as a solid object
Title: IB Physics Topic 4 Notes
Description: Notes for Topic 4 (Wave Physics) of IB Physics.
Description: Notes for Topic 4 (Wave Physics) of IB Physics.